An American Citizen II
September 28, 1787
We have seen that the late Honorable Convention, in designating the nature of the chief
executive office of the United States, have deprived it of all the dangerous appendages of
royalty, and provided for the frequent expiration of its limited powers. As our President bears
no resemblance to a king, so we shall see the Senate have no similitude to nobles.
First then not being hereditary, their collective knowledge, wisdom and virtue are not
precarious, for by these qualities alone are they to obtain their offices; and they will have none
of the peculiar follies and vices of those men who possess power merely because their fathers
held it before them, for they will be educated (under equal advantages and with equal
prospects) among and on a footing with the other sons of a free people. If we recollect the
characters, who have, at various periods, filled the seats of Congress, we shall find this
expectation perfectly reasonable. Many young men of genius and many characters of more
matured abilities, without fortunes, have been honored with that trust. Wealth has had but few
representatives there, and those have been generally possessed of respectable personal
qualifications. There have also been many instances of persons, not eminently endowed with
mental qualities, who have been sent thither from a reliance on their virtues, public and private.
As the Senators are still to be elected by the legislatures of the states, there can be no doubt of
equal safety and propriety in their future appointment, especially as no further pecuniary
qualification is required by the Constitution.
They can hold no other office civil or military under the United States, nor can they join in
making provisions for themselves, either by creating new places or increasing the emoluments
of old ones. As their sons are not to succeed them, they will not be induced to aim at an
increase or perpetuity of their powers, at the expense of the liberties of the people of which
those sons will be a part. They possess a much smaller share of the judicial power than the
upper house in Britain, for they are not, as there, the highest court in civil affairs.
Impeachments alone are the cases cognizable before them, and in what other place could
matters of that nature be so properly and safely determined? The judges of the federal courts
will owe their appointments to the President and Senate, therefore may not feel so perfectly
free from favor, affection and influence as the upper house, who receive their power from the
people, through their state representatives, and are immediately responsible to those
assemblies, and finally to the nation at large. Thus we see when a daring or dangerous offender
is brought to the bar of public justice, the people who alone can impeach him by their
immediate representatives will cause him to be tried, not by the judges appointed in the heat of
the occasion, but by two-thirds of a select body, chosen a long time before, for various purposes
by the collected wisdom of their state legislatures. From a pretense or affection of extraordinary
purity and excellence of character their word of honor is the sanction under which these high
courts in other countries have given their sentence. But with us, like the other judges of the
Union, like the rest of the people of which they are never to forget they are a part, it is required
that they be on oath.
No ambitious, undeserving or unexperienced youth can acquire a seat in this house by means of
the most enormous wealth or most powerful connections, till thirty years have ripened his
abilities and fully discovered his merits to his country—a more rational ground of preference
surely than mere property.
The Senate, though more independent of the people as to the free exercise of their judgment
and abilities than the House of Representatives, by the longer term of their office, must be
older and more experienced men, and the public treasures, the sinews of the state, cannot be
called forth by their original motion. They may restrain the profusion or errors of the House of
Representatives, but they cannot take the necessary measures to raise a national revenue.
The people, through the Electors, prescribe them such a President as shall be best qualified to
control them.
They can only, by conviction on impeachment, remove and incapacitate a dangerous officer,
but the punishment of him as a criminal remains within the province of the courts of law to be
conducted under all the ordinary forms and precautions, which exceedingly diminishes the
importance of their judicial powers. They are detached, as much as possible, from local
prejudices in favor of their respective states by having a separate and independent vote, for the
sensible and conscientious use of which, every member will find his person, honor and
character seriously bound. He cannot shelter himself, under a vote in behalf of his state, among
his immediate colleagues. As there are only two, he cannot be voluntarily or involuntarily
governed by the majority of the deputation. He will be obliged, by wholesome provisions, to
attend his public duty, and thus in great national questions must give a vote of the honesty of
which he will find it necessary to convince his constituents.
The Senate must always receive the exceptions of the President against any of their legislative
acts, which, without serious deliberation and sufficient reasons, they will seldom disregard.
They will also feel a considerable check from the constitutional powers of the state legislatures,
whose rights they will not be disposed to infringe, since they are the bodies to which they owe
their existence, and are moreover to remain the immediate guardians of the people.
And lastly the Senate will feel the mighty check of the House of Representatives—a body so pure in its election, so intimately connected, by its interests and feelings, with the people at large, so
guarded against corruption and influence—so much, from its nature, above all apprehensions,
that it must ever be able to maintain the high ground assigned to it by the Federal Constitution.
Comments