List of the Founders of the United States of America from the six key assemblages that founded the nation. Table of Contents Below is a list of America's Constitutors, comprising the national figures who played a direct role in shaping the United States between 1774 and 1790. This list covers six pivotal assemblies: the First Continental Congress, the Second Continental Congress, the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the United States in Congress Assembled (the Congress of the Confederation), the Philadelphia Convention (the Constitutional Convention), and the state ratifying conventions for the federal Constitution. In total, 1,969 men participated in these six key assemblies. Excluding the state ratifying conventions, the number is 360. These men represented the political elite of the emerging nation, though hundreds of thousands of other men and women also contributed—and in many cases sacrificed—for American independence. For reference in the list below: First CC = First Continental Congress Second CC = Second Continental Congress DI = Declaration of Independence USCA = United States in Congress Assembled PC = Philadelphia Convention (Constitutional Convention) — an * indicates they participated but did not sign the Constitution SRC = State Ratifying Convention Voting in the ratifying conventions is indicated as: (Y) = voted for the Constitution (N) = voted against (A) = absent (NV) = present but did not vote Table of Contents Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia America's Constitutors Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia Connecticut Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 Roger Sherman Participated Participated Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 2 Eliphalet Dyer Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 3 Silas Deane Participated Participated 4 William Williams Participated Participated Participated (Y) 5 Oliver Wolcott Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 6 Samuel Huntington Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 7 Richard Law Participated Participated Participated (Y) 8 Andrew Adams Participated 9 Titus Hosmer Participated 10 Oliver Ellsworth Participated Participated Participated * Participated (Y) 11 Jesse Root Participated Participated Participated (Y) 12 Joseph Spencer Participated 13 Benjamin Huntington Participated Participated 14 James Wadsworth Participated 15 Joseph Platt Cooke Participated 16 William Samuel Johnson Participated Participated Participated (Y) 17 Stephen Mix Mitchell Participated Participated (Y) 18 Jonathan Sturges Participated Participated (Y) 19 Pierpont Edwards Participated Participated (Y) 20 Jeremiah Wadsworth Participated Participated (Y) 21 Matthew Griswald Participated (Y) 22 Isaac Lee Participated (Y) 23 Selah Heart Participated (Y) 24 Zebulon Peck Jr. Participated (Y) 25 Elisha Pitkin Participated (Y) 26 Erastus Wolcott Participated (Y) 27 John Watson Participated (Y) 28 John Treadwell Participated (Y) 29 William Judd Participated (Y) 30 Joseph Mosely Participated (Y) 31 Wait Goodrich Participated (Y) 32 John Curtis Participated (Y) 33 Asa Barns Participated (Y) 34 John Chester Participated (Y) 35 Roger Newberry Participated (Y) 36 Samuel Beach Participated (Y) 37 Daniel Holbrook Participated (Y) 38 John Holbrook Participated (Y) 39 Gideon Buckingham Participated (Y) 40 Lewis Mallet Participated (Y) 41 Joseph Hopkins Participated (Y) 42 John Walton Participated (Y) 43 Amasa Learned Participated (Y) 44 Nathan Dauchy Participated (Y) 45 James Davenport Participated (Y) 46 John Davenport Jr. Participated (Y) 47 Elisha Mills Participated (Y) 48 Jeda Elderkin Participated (Y) 49 Simeon Smith Participated (Y) 50 Henrick Dow Participated (Y) 51 Benjamin Dow Participated (Y) 52 Seth Paine Participated (Y) 53 Seth Crocker Participated (Y) 54 Asa Witter Participated (Y) 55 Moses Campbell Participated (Y) 56 Moses Cleveland Participated (Y) 57 Moses Hawley Participated (Y) 58 Sampson Howe Participated (Y) 59 William Danielson Participated (Y) 60 James Bradford Participated (Y) 61 Joshua Dunlop Participated (Y) 62 Daniel Learned Participated (Y) 63 Jedediah Strong Participated (Y) 64 Charles Burrall Participated (Y) 65 Nathan Hale Participated (Y) 66 Daniel Miles Participated (Y) 67 Asaph Hall Participated (Y) 68 Isaac Burnham Participated (Y) 69 Isaac Huntington Participated (Y) 70 Isaac Foot Participated (Y) 71 John Wilder Participated (Y) 72 Caleb Holt Participated (Y) 73 Abijah Sessions Participated (Y) 74 Mark Prindle Participated (Y) 75 Jedidiah Hubbell Participated (Y) 76 Aaron Austin Participated (Y) 77 Samuel Canfield Participated (Y) 78 Daniel Everitt Participated (Y) 79 Hez. Fitch Participated (Y) 80 Jed Huntington Participated (Y) 81 Robert Robbins Participated (Y) 82 Dante Foot Participated (Y) 83 Eli Hyde Participated (Y) 84 Joseph Woodbridge Participated (Y) 85 Stephen Billings Participated (Y) 86 Andrew Lee Participated (Y) 87 William Noyes Participated (Y) 88 Joshua Raymond Jr. Participated (Y) 89 Jereh Halsey Participated (Y) 90 Wheeler Coit Participated (Y) 91 Charles Phelps Participated (Y) 92 Nathaniel Minor Participated (Y) 93 John Phelps Participated (Y) 94 Ephraim Root Participated (Y) 95 Thaddeus Burr Participated (Y) 96 Elisha Whittelsey Participated (Y) 97 Joseph Moss White Participated (Y) 98 Amos Mead Participated (Y) 99 Jabez Fitch Participated (Y) 100 Nehemiah Beardsley Participated (Y) 101 James Potter Participated (Y) 102 John Chandler Participated (Y) 103 John Beach Participated (Y) 104 Hezh Rogers Participated (Y) 105 Leml Sanford Participated (Y) 106 William Heron Participated (Y) 107 Philip Bradley Participated (Y) 108 Joshua Porter Participated (Y) 109 Benjamin Hinman Participated (Y) 110 Epaphras Sheldon Participated (Y) 111 Eleazer Curtiss Participated (Y) 112 John Whittlesey Participated (Y) 113 Daniel Brinsmade Participated (Y) 114 Thomas Fenn Participated (Y) 115 David Smith Participated (Y) 116 Robert McCane Participated (Y) 117 Daniel Sherman Participated (Y) 118 Samuel Orton Participated (Y) 119 Asher Miller Participated (Y) 120 Samuel Parsons Participated (Y) 121 Ebenr White Participated (Y) 122 Hezh Goodrich Participated (Y) 123 Dyar Throok Participated (Y) 124 Jabez Chapman Participated (Y) 125 Samuel Chapman Participated (Y) 126 Ichabod Warner Participated (Y) 127 Jeremiah Ripley Participated (Y) 128 Samuel Carver Participated (Y) 129 Cornelius Higgins Participated (Y) 130 Hezekiah Brainerd Participated (Y) 131 Theophilus Morgan Participated (Y) 132 Hezh Lane Participated (Y) 133 William Hart Participated (Y) 134 Samuel Shipman Participated (Y) 135 Jeremiah West Participated (Y) 136 William Pitkin Participated (A) 137 Daniel Perkins Participated (N) 138 Joseph Kingsbury Participated (A) 139 Hezekiah Holcomb Participated (N) 140 Alexander King Participated (N) 141 David Todd Participated (N) 142 Noah Phelps Participated (N) 143 Daniel Humphrey Participated (N) 144 William Gold Participated (N) 145 Timothy Hoadley Participated (N) 146 David Brooks Participated (N) 147 Daniel Hall Participated (N) 148 Samuel Davenport Participated (N) 149 Andrew Ward Participated (N) 150 John Eliott Participated (N) 151 Theophilus Goodyear Participated (A) 152 Daniel Bassett Participated (N) 153 Street Hall Participated (N) 154 Samuel Whiting Participated (N) 155 Samuel Osborn Participated (N) 156 Samuel Newton Participated (N) 157 Samuel C. Silliman Participated (N) 158 Amos Utley Participated (N) 159 Ephraim Carpenter Participated (N) 160 Constant Southworth Participated (N) 161 Nathaniel Atwood Participated (N) 162 Jonathan Randall Participated (N) 163 Simon Cotton Participated (N) 164 Stephen Paine Participated (N) 165 Timothy Perrin Participated (N) 166 Joseph Wilder Participated (N) 167 Edward Rogers Participated (A) 168 Matthew Patterson Participated (N) 169 Abner Wilson Participated (N) 170 Thomas Goodman Participated (N) 171 Asahel Humphrey Participated (N) 172 Hosea Humphrey Participated (N) 173 Josiah Coleman Participated (N) 174 Jonathan Gillet Participated (N) 175 Eliphalet Enos Participated (N) 176 Ebenezer Nash Participated (N) 177 Daniel Ingham Participated (N) 178 Elihu Marvin Participated (N) 179 Joshua Pomeroy Participated (N) 180 Abiel Pease Participated (N) Delaware Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 Thomas McKean Participated Participated Participated Participated 2 George Read Participated Participated Participated Participated 3 Caesar Rodney Participated Participated Participated 4 James Sykes Participated Participated (Y) 5 Nicholas Dyke Participated Participated 6 John Dickinson Participated Participated Participated 7 Thomas Rodney Participated 8 Philemon Dickinson Participated 9 Samuel Wharton Participated 10 Eleazer McComb Participated 11 James Tilton Participated 12 Gunning Bedford Jr. Participated Participated Participated (Y) 13 John Vining Participated 14 John Patten Participated 15 William Peery Participated 16 Allen McLane Participated 17 Nathaniel Mitchell Participated 18 Richard Bassett Participated Participated (Y) 19 Jacob Broom Participated 20 John Ingram Participated (Y) 21 John Jones Participated (Y) 22 William Moore Participated (Y) 23 William Hall Participated (Y) 24 Thomas Laws Participated (Y) 25 Isaac Cooper Participated (Y) 26 Woodman Stockley Participated (Y) 27 John Laws Participated (Y) 28 Thomas Evans Participated (Y) 29 Israel Holland Participated (Y) 30 Nicholas Ridgeley Participated (Y) 31 Richard Smith Participated (Y) 32 George Truitt Participated (Y) 33 Allen McLane Participated (Y) 34 Daniel Cummins Sr. Participated (Y) 35 Joseph Barker Participated (Y) 36 Edward White Participated (Y) 37 George Manlove Participated (Y) 38 James Latimer Participated (Y) 39 James Black Participated (Y) 40 John James Participated (Y) 41 Gunning Bedford Sir. Participated (Y) 42 Kensey Johns Participated (Y) 43 Thomas Watson Participated (Y) 44 Solomon Maxwell Participated (Y) 45 Nicholas Way Participated (Y) 46 Thomas Duff Participated (Y) Georgia Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 Archibald Bulloch Participated 2 John Houstoun Participated 3 John Zubly Participated 4 Lyman Hall Participated Participated 5 Button Gwinnett Participated Participated 6 George Walton Participated Participated Participated 7 Nathan Brownson Participated Participated (Y) 8 Joseph Wood Participated 9 Edward Langworthy Participated 10 John Walton Participated 11 William Pierce Participated Participated Participated* 12 Edward Telfair Participated Participated Participated (Y) 13 William Few Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 14 Richard Howly Participated Participated 15 Noble Jones Participated 16 William Gibbons Participated 17 William Houstoun Participated Participated* 18 Joseph Habersham Participated Participated (Y) 19 Abraham Baldwin Participated Participated 20 William Stephens Participated (Y) 21 Jenkins Davis Participated (Y) 22 Henry Todd Participated (Y) 23 James McNeil Participated (Y) 24 George Matthews Participated (Y) 25 Florence Sullivan Participated (Y) 26 John King Participated (Y) 27 James Powell Participated (Y) 28 John Elliot Participated (Y) 29 James Maxwell Participated (Y) 30 George Handley Participated (Y) 31 Christopher Hillary Participated (Y) 32 John Milton Participated (Y) 33 Henry Osborne Participated (Y) 34 James Seagrove Participated (Y) 35 Jacob Weed Participated (Y) 36 Jared Irwin Participated (Y) 37 John Rutherford Participated (Y) 38 Robert Christmas Participated (Y) 39 Thomas Daniell Participated (Y) 40 Robert Middleton Participated (Y) 41 Thomas Gibbons Participated (A) 42 Caleb Howell Participated (A) 43 George Walton Participated (A) 44 John Wereat Participated (Y) 45 Reuben Wilkinson Participated (A) 46 John Gorham Participated (A) 47 Thomas Gilbert Participated (A) 48 Jesse Walton Participated (A) Maryland Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 Samuel Chase Participated Participated Participated Participated Participated (N) 2 Robert Goldsborough IV Participated Participated Participated (Y) 3 Thomas Johnson Participated Participated 4 William Paca Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 5 Matthew Tilghman Participated Participated 6 John Hall Participated 7 John Rogers Participated 8 Robert Alexander Participated 9 Charles Carroll Participated 10 Benjamin Rumsey Participated 11 Charles Carroll of Carrollton Participated Participated 12 William Smith Participated 13 William Carmicheal Participated 14 James Forbes Participated 15 John Henry Participated Participated 16 George Plater Participated Participated (Y) 17 Daniel Jenifer Participated 18 John Hanson Participated Participated 19 Thomas Stone Participated Participated Participated 20 Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Participated Participated 21 Richard Potts Participated Participated (Y) 22 Daniel Carroll Participated Participated 23 Turbutt Wright Participated 24 William Hemsley Participated Participated (Y) 25 Thomas Sim Lee Participated Participated (Y) 26 Jeremiah T. Chase Participated Participated (N) 27 Edward Lloyd Participated Participated (Y) 28 James McHenry Participated Participated Participated (Y) 29 William Hindman Participated 30 William Harrison Jr. Participated 31 Nathaniel Ramsey Participated 32 Uriah Forrest Participated 33 David Ross Participated 34 Benjamin Contee Participated 35 John Eager Howard Participated 36 Joshua Seney Participated 37 Luther Martin Participated* Participated (N) 38 John F. Mercer Participated* Participated (N) 39 Richard Barnes Participated (Y) 40 Charges Chilton Participated (Y) 41 Nicholas L. Seawall Participated (Y) 42 William Tilghman Participated (Y) 43 Donaldson Yeates Participated (Y) 44 Isaac Perkins Participated (Y) 45 William Granger Participated (Y) 46 Joseph Wilkinson Participated (Y) 47 Charles Grahame Participated (Y) 48 John Chesley Jr. Participated (Y) 49 Gustavus R. Brown Participated (Y) 50 John Parnham Participated (Y) 51 Zephaniah Turner Participated (Y) 52 Michael J. Stone Participated (Y) 53 John Stevens Participated (Y) 54 George Gale Participated (Y) 55 Henry Waggaman Participated (Y) 56 John Stewart Participated (Y) 57 John Gale Participated (Y) 58 Nicholas Hammond Participated (Y) 59 Abraham Faw Participated (Y) 60 Joseph Richardson Participated (Y) 61 William Richardson Participated (Y) 62 Matthew Driver Participated (Y) 63 Peter Edmondson Participated (Y) 64 John Coulter Participated (Y) 65 Daniel Sulivane Participated (Y) 66 James Shaw Participated (Y) 67 Joseph Gilpin Participated (Y) 68 Henry Hollingsworth Participated (Y) 69 James G. Heron Participated (Y) 70 Samuel Evans Participated (Y) 71 Fielder Bowie Participated (Y) 72 Osborn Sprigg Participated (Y) 73 Benjamin Hall Participated (Y) 74 George Digges Participated (Y) 75 Nicholas Carroll Participated (Y) 76 Alexander C. Hanson Participated (Y) 77 James Tilghman Participated (Y) 78 John Seney Participated (Y) 79 James Hollyday Participated (Y) 80 Peter Chaille Participated (Y) 81 James Martin Participated (Y) 82 William Morris Participated (Y) 83 John Done Participated (Y) 84 Thomas Johnson Participated (Y) 85 Thomas Sprigg Participated (Y) 86 John Stull Participated (Y) 87 Moses Rawlings Participated (Y) 88 Henry Shryock Participated (Y) 89 Thomas Cramphin Jr. Participated (Y) 90 Richard Thomas Sr. Participated (Y) 91 William Deakins Jr. Participated (Y) 92 Benjamin Edwards Participated (Y) 93 Benjamin Harrison Participated (N) 94 Nathan Cromwell Participated (N) 95 Edward Cockey Participated (N) 96 Charles Ridgely Participated (N) 97 Charles Ridgely Participated (N) 98 Walter Smith Participated (N) 99 Robert Goldsborough Sr. Participated (A) 100 John Love Participated (N) 101 William Pinkney Participated (N) 102 Jeremiah Banning Participated (A) Massachusetts Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 John Adams Participated Participated Participated 2 Samuel Adams Participated Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 3 Thomas Cushing Participated Participated 4 Robert Paine Participated Participated Participated 5 John Hancock Participated Participated Participated (Y) 6 Elbridge Gerry Participated Participated Participated Participated * 7 Francis Dana Participated Participated Participated (Y) 8 James Lovell Participated Participated 9 Samuel Holten Participated Participated Participated (A) 10 George Patridge Participated Participated Participated (Y) 11 Artemas Ward Participated Participated 12 Samuel Osgood Participated 13 Jonathan Jackson Participated 14 John Lowell Participated 15 Nathaniel Gorham Participated Participated Participated (Y) 16 Stephen Higginson Participated 17 Rufus King Participated Participated Participated (Y) 18 Theodore Sedgwick Participated Participated (Y) 19 Nathan Dane Participated 20 Samuel Allyne Otis Participated 21 George Thatcher Participated 22 Caleb Strong Participated * 23 Moses Davis Participated (Y) 24 Nathaniel Wyman Participated (Y) 25 James Carr Participated (N) 26 David Murray Participated (N) 27 Asa Parlin Participated (N) 28 William Pynchon Participated (Y) 29 Zaccheus Crocker Participated (N) 30 Isaac Pepper Participated (N) 31 John Goldsbury Participated (N) 32 Benjamin Ely Participated (N) 33 John Williston Participated (N) 34 John Ingersol Participated (Y) 35 John Phelps Participated (A) 36 Aaron Fisher Participated (Y) 37 Josiah Allis Participated (N) 38 Phineas Stebbins Participated (N) 39 William Bodman Participated (N) 40 Nahum Eager Participated (Y) 41 Thomas Rice Participated (Y) 42 David Sylvester Participated (Y) 43 David Fales Participated (Y) 44 Samuel Thompson Participated (N) 45 Samuel Grant Participated (Y) 46 Jonah Crosby Participated (N) 47 Joshua Bean Participated (N) 48 David Gilmore Participated (Y) 49 Benjamin Adams Participated (N) 50 John Webber Participated (N) 51 William Thompson Participated (N) 52 Stephen Dana Participated (Y) 53 John Minot Participated (N) 54 Joseph Hosmer Participated (Y) 55 Joseph B. Varnum Participated (Y) 56 John Pitts Participated (Y) 57 Phineus Gleason Participated (N) 58 Lawson Buckminster Participated (Y) 59 Benjamin Morse Participated (N) 60 Joseph Sheple Participated (N) 61 Staples Chamberlain Participated (N) 62 Gilbert Dench Participated (N) 63 Benjamin Brown Participated (Y) 64 Eleazer Brooks Participated (Y) 65 Samuel Reed Participated (N) 66 Benjamin Blamey Participated (Y) 67 Samuel Niles Participated (Y) 68 Hezekiah Hooper Participated (Y) 69 Jonas Morse Participated (N) 70 Benjamin Sawin Participated (N) 71 John Brooks Participated (Y) 72 Hezekiah Broad Participated (N) 73 Abraham Fuller Participated (Y) 74 Daniel Fisk Participated (N) 75 Peter Emerson Participated (N) 76 William Flint Participated (N) 77 Daniel Whitney Participated (Y) 78 Obadiah Salutell Participated (N) 79 Jonathan Green Participated (N) 80 Charles Whitman Participated (Y) 81 Asahel Wheeler Participated (Y) 82 Newman Scarlett Participated (N) 83 Daniel Adams Participated (N) 84 Leonard Williams Participated (Y) 85 Marshall Spring Participated (N) 86 Jonathan Keep Participated (N) 87 Abraham Bigelow Participated (Y) 88 John Harnden Participated (N) 89 James Fowle Jr. Participated (A) 90 Timothy Winn Participated (N) 91 Daniel Howard Sr. Participated (Y) 92 Daniel Howard Jr. Participated (Y) 93 Elisha Mitchell Participated (Y) 94 Freeman Waterman Participated (Y) 95 Joseph Cushing Participated (Y) 96 William Sever Jr. Participated (Y) 97 William Shaw Participated (Y) 98 Isaac Backus Participated (Y) 99 Isaac Soul Participated (N) 100 Benjamin Thomas Participated (N) 101 Isaac Thomson Participated (Y) 102 Josiah Smith Participated (Y) 103 John Turner Participated (Y) 104 Noah Alden Participated (N) 105 James Bowdoin Sr. Participated (Y) 106 Caleb Davis Participated (Y) 107 Thomas Dawes Jr. Participated (Y) 108 Christopher Gore Participated (Y) 109 Charles Jarvis Participated (Y) 110 John C. Jones Participated (Y) 111 William Phillips Participated (Y) 112 Thomas Russell Participated (Y) 113 Samuel Stillman Participated (Y) 114 John Winthrop Participated (Y) 115 Richard Cranch Participated (Y) 116 Anthony Wibird Participated (Y) 117 Joseph Jackson Participated (Y) 118 Phillips Payson Participated (Y) 119 Fisher Ames Participated (Y) 120 Thomas Thacher Participated (Y) 121 James Bowdoin Jr. Participated (Y) 122 Ebenezer Wales Participated (Y) 123 John Davis Participated (Y) 124 Thomas Davis Participated (Y) 125 Joshua Thomas Participated (Y) 126 Elijah Bisbee Jr. Participated (N) 127 Francis Shurtliff Participated (N) 128 Nathaniel Hammond Participated (N) 129 Abraham Holmes Participated (N) 130 Nathan Cushing Participated (Y) 131 William Cushing Participated (Y) 132 Charles Turner Participated (Y) 133 Israel Fearing Participated (Y) 134 Ebenezer Warren Participated (Y) 135 Jabez Fisher Participated (Y) 136 Benjamin Lincoln Participated (Y) 137 Daniel Shute Participated (Y) 138 Thomas Jones Participated (Y) 139 John Baxter Jr. Participated (Y) 140 Moses Richardson Jr. Participated (N) 141 Nathaniel Robbins Participated (Y) 142 William McIntosh Participated (Y) 143 William Heath Participated (Y) 144 Increase Sumner Participated (Y) 145 Benjamin Randall Participated (N) 146 Elijah Dunbar Participated (Y) 147 Jedediah Southworth Participated (N) 148 George Payson Participated (Y) 149 Cotton Tufts Participated (Y) 150 Jacob Willard Participated (N) 151 Josiah Goddard Participated (Y) 152 John Black Participated (N) 153 Samuel Baker Participated (Y) 154 Jonas Temple Participated (N) 155 Daniel Forbes Participated (N) 156 Nathaniel Jenks Participated (N) 157 James Nichols Participated (A) 158 Caleb Curtis Participated (N) 159 Ezra McIntire Participated (N) 160 John Taylor Participated (N) 161 Jonathan Day Participated (N) 162 Daniel Putnam Participated (N) 163 Joseph Wood Participated (N) 164 Martin Kingsley Participated (N) 165 Josiah Whitney Participated (N) 166 Joseph Davis Participated (N) 167 John Woods Participated (N) 168 John Sprague Participated (Y) 169 Samuel Denny Participated (N) 170 David Wilder Participated (Y) 171 John Fuller Participated (N) 172 Edward Thompson Participated (N) 173 David Stearns Participated (N) 174 Nathan Comstock Participated (N) 175 Thomas Mann Participated (Y) 176 Benjamin Joslyn Participated (N) 177 Shearjashub Bourn Participated (Y) 178 Nymphas Marston Participated (A) 179 Joseph Palmer Participated (Y) 180 Kimbal Clark Participated (Y) 181 Solomon Freeman Participated (Y) 182 Jeremiah Pierce Participated (N) 183 John Hurlbert Participated (N) 184 Elisha Carpenter Participated (Y) 185 Ephraim Fitch Participated (N) 186 Elijah Dwight Participated (Y) 187 David Vaughan Participated (N) 188 Jonathan Smith Participated (Y) 189 Jesse Bradley Participated (N) 190 Lemuel Collins Participated (N) 191 Joshua Lawton Participated (N) 192 Daniel Taylor Participated (Y) 193 Elisha May Participated (Y) 194 Moses Willmarth Participated (Y) 195 Samuel Tobey Participated (A) 196 Melatiah Hathaway Participated (N) 197 Holder Slocum Participated (N) 198 Thomas Nye Participated (N) 199 Thomas Smith Participated (N) 200 Levi Whitman Participated (Y) New Hampshire Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 Nathaniel Folsom Participated Participated 2 John Sullivan Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 3 John Langdon Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 4 Josiah Bartlett Participated Participated Participated (N) 5 Matthew Thornton Participated Participated 6 William Whipple Participated Participated 7 George Frost Participated 8 John Wentworth Jr. Participated 9 Woodbury Langdon Participated 10 Nathaniel Peabody Participated 11 Samuel Livermore Participated Participated Participated (Y) 12 John Taylor Gilman Participated Participated (Y) 13 Phillips White Participated 14 Abiel Foster Participated 15 Jonathan Blanchard Participated 16 Pierse Long Participated Participated (Y) 17 Nicholas Gilman Participated Participated 18 Paine Wingate Participated 19 John Pickering Participated (Y) 20 Daniel Runnels Participated (N) 21 Archib McMurphey Participated (N) 22 Joseph Blanchard Participated (Y) 23 Benjamin Adams Participated (Y) 24 Ichabod Weeks Participated (Y) 25 Nathan Goss Participated (Y) 26 Henry Prescutt Participated (Y) 27 Benjamin Thurston Participated (Y) 28 Christopher Toppan Participated (Y) 29 Samuel Langdon Participated (Y) 30 Jonathan Wiggin Participated (Y) 31 Jeremiah Fogg Participated (Y) 32 Benjamin Clough Participated (Y) 33 Thomas S. Ramney Participated (Y) 34 Nathaniel Ladd Participated (A) 35 Nathaniel Rogers Participated (Y) 36 Thomas Bartlett Participated (Y) 37 Edmund Chadwick Participated (Y) 38 James Gray Participated (Y) 39 Benjamin Sias Participated (N) 40 Jeremiah Clough Participated (N) 41 Charles Glidden Participated (Y) 42 Jonathan Smith Participated (N) 43 Benjamin Emery Participated (N) 44 Samuel Daniels Participated (N) 45 Stephen Fifield Participated (N) 46 Thomas Chase Participated (N) 47 Nehemiah Sleeper Participated (N) 48 John Calfe Participated (Y) 49 Benjamin Stone Participated (N) 50 Thomas Dow Participated (N) 51 Robert Steward Participated (N) 52 James Bettan Participated (Y) 53 Amos Moody Participated (Y) 54 Ezra Green Participated (Y) 55 Moses Carr Participated (Y) 56 Barnabas Palmer Participated (N) 57 Samuel Hale Participated (Y) 58 William Harper Participated (N) 59 Joseph Badger Participated (N) 60 Reuben Hill Participated (A) 61 William Hooper Participated (N) 62 Ebenezer Smith Participated (NV) 63 Daniel Bedee Participated (Y) 64 Nathaniel Shannon Participated (Y) 65 Jonathan Chesley Participated (Y) 66 Nicholas Austin Participated (N) 67 David Page Participated (N) 68 Ebenezer Cummings Participated (N) 69 Daniel Bixby Participated (N) 70 John Hall Participated (Y) 71 William Hunt Participated (N) 72 Timothy Taylor Participated (N) 73 Stephen Dole Participated (N) 74 William Page Participated (N) 75 Daniel Kindrick Participated (N) 76 Joshua Atherton Participated (N) 77 Amos Dakin Participated (Y) 78 Charles Berrett Participated (N) 79 Thomas Bixby Participated (N) 80 William Abbott Participated (Y) 81 Benjamin Jones Participated (N) 82 John Cragin Participated (N) 83 Nathan Dix Participated (A) 84 Evan Dow Participated (A) 85 Robert Wilkins Participated (Y) 86 John Cochran Participated (N) 87 Jonathan Dow Participated (N) 88 Joshua Morss Participated (Y) 89 Jacob Green Participated (N) 90 Ebenezer Webster Participated (NV) 91 Joseph Gerrish Participated (Y) 92 Nathaniel Bean Participated (N) 93 Benjamin West Participated (Y) 94 Oliver Shepherd Participated (Y) 95 Aaron Hall Participated (Y) 96 Elisha Whitcomb Participated (Y) 97 Jonathan Gaskill Participated (N) 98 Abel Parker Participated (N) 99 Moses Chamberlain Participated (Y) 100 Archilanus Temple Participated (Y) 101 Solomon Harvey Participated (N) 102 Othniel Thomas Participated (N) 103 Benjamin Bellows Participated (Y) 104 Aaron Allen Participated (Replaced) 105 Matthias Stone Participated (N) 106 Jonathan Chase Participated (Y) 107 John Remmele Participated (N) 108 Daniel Grout Participated (N) 109 Moses True Participated (N) 110 Jonathan Smith Participated (NV) 111 Thomas Pinneman Participated (N) 112 Samuel Griffin Participated (Y) 113 Jedediah Tainter Participated (N) 114 Caleb Winch Participated (N) 115 Joseph Kimball Participated (Y) 116 Uriel Evans Participated (A) 117 Francis Worster Participated (Y) 118 Thomas Crawford Participated (Y) 119 Jesse Johnson Participated (Y) 120 Jonathan Freeman Participated (Y) 121 Elisha Payne Participated (Y) 122 William Simpson Participated (Y) 123 Joseph Hutchins Participated (N) 124 Isaac Patterson Participated (Y) 125 Samuel Young Participated (Y) 126 John Weeks Participated (Y) New Jersey Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 Stephane Crane Participated Participated 2 John Hart Participated Participated Participated 3 James Kinsey Participated Participated 4 William Livingston Participated Participated Participated 5 Richard Smith Participated Participated 6 John Hart Participated 7 Francis Hopkinson Participated Participated 8 Richard Stockon Participated Participated 9 Jonathan Sergeant Participated 10 Abraham Clark Participated Participated Participated 11 John Witherspoon Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 12 Jonathan Elmer Participated Participated 13 Elias Boudinot Participated 14 Frederick Frelinghuysen Participated Participated Participated (Y) 15 Nathaniel Scudder Participated 16 John Fell Participated Participated (Y) 17 William Houston Participated Participated Participated* 18 William Burnet Participated Participated 19 Elias Boudinot Participated 20 Silas Condict Participated 21 John Stevens Participated 22 John Beatty Participated Participated (Y) 23 Samuel Dick Participated Elected, did not attened 24 Charles Stewart Participated 25 Josiah Hornblower Participated 26 John Cleves Symmes Participated 27 Lambert Cadwalader Participated 28 James Schureman Participated 29 Jonathan Dayton Participated 30 David Brearley Participated Participated (Y) 31 Johnathan Dayton Participated 32 William Paterson Participated 33 Peter Zabriskie Participated (Y) 34 Cornelius Hennion Participated (Y) 35 John Chetwood Participated (Y) 36 Samuel Hay Participated (Y) 37 David Crane Participated (Y) 38 John Neilson Participated (Y) 39 Benjamin Manning Participated (Y) 40 Elisha Lawrence Participated (Y) 41 Samuel Breese Participated (Y) 42 William Crawford Participated (Y) 43 Jacob Hardenbergh Participated (Y) 44 Thomas Reynolds Participated (Y) 45 George Anderson Participated (Y) 46 Joshua Wallace Participated (Y) 47 Richard Howels Participated (Y) 48 Andrew Hunter Participated (Y) 49 Benjamin Whitall Participated (Y) 50 Whitten Cripps Participated (Y) 51 Edmund Wetherby Participated (Y) 52 Jesse Hand Participated (Y) 53 Jeremiah Eldredge Participated (Y) 54 Matthew Whilldin Participated (Y) 55 Joshua Corshon Participated (Y) 56 William Windes Participated (Y) 57 William Woodhull Participated (Y) 58 John Faesch Participated (Y) 59 David Potter Participated (Y) 60 Jonathan Bowen Participated (Y) 61 Eli Elmer Participated (Y) 62 Robert Ogden Participated (Y) 63 Thomas Anderson Participated (Y) 64 Robert Hoops Participated (Y) New York Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 John Alsop Participated Participated 2 Simon Boerum Participated Participated 3 James Duane Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 4 William Floyd Participated Participated Participated Participated 5 John Haring Participated Participated Participated (N) 6 John Jay Participated Participated Participated (Y) 7 Philip R. Livingston Participated Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 8 Isaac Low Participated 9 Henry Winser Sr. Participated Participated Participated (N) 10 George Clinton Participated Participated (A) 11 Robert R. Livingston Participated Participated Participated (Y) 12 Lewis Morris Sr. Participated Participated Participated (Y) 13 Francis Lewis Participated Participated 14 Philip Schuyler Participated 15 William Duer Participated 16 Gouverneur Morris Participated 17 Ezra L'Hommedieu Participated Participated 18 John Morin Scott Participated Participated 19 Alexander McDougall Participated 20 Alexander Hamilton Participated Participated Participated (Y) 21 Charles DeWitt Participated 22 Ephraim Paine Participated 23 Walter Livingston Participated 24 Egbert Benson Participated 25 John Lansing Jr. Participated Participated* Participated (Y) 26 Zephaniah Platt Participated Participated (Y) 27 John Laurance Participated 28 Melancton Smith Participated Participated (Y) 29 Peter W. Yates Participated 30 Abraham Yates Participated 31 Leonard Gansevoort Participated 32 David Gelston Participated 33 Philip Pell Participated 34 Robert Yates Participated* Participated (N) 35 Henry Oothoudt Participated (N) 36 Dirck Swart Participated (A) 37 Anthony Ten Eyck Participated (A) 38 Israel Thompson Participated (N) 39 Peter Vrooman Participated (A) 40 Matthew Adgate Participated (N) 41 John Bay Participated (N) 42 Peter Van Ness Participated (N) 43 Jonathan Akin Participated (N) 44 John De Witt, Jr. Participated (Y) 45 Gilbert Livingston Participated (Y) 46 Jacobus Swartwout Participated (N) 47 Ezra Thompson Participated (A) 48 Peter Lefferts Participated (Y) 49 Peter Vandervoort Participated (Y) 50 John Frey Participated (N) 51 William Harper Participated (N) 52 Henry Staring Participated (N) 53 Volkert Veeder Participated (N) 54 John Winn Participated (N) 55 Christopher P. Yates Participated (A) 56 Richard Harison Participated (Y) 57 John Sloss Hobart Participated (Y) 58 Nicholas Low Participated (Y) 59 Richard Morris Participated (A) 60 Isaac Roosevelt Participated (Y) 61 John Wood Participated (N) 62 Jesse Woodhull Participated (Y) 63 Stephen Carman Participated (Y) 64 Samuel Jones Participated (Y) 65 Nathaniel Lawrence Participated (Y) 66 John Schenck Participated (Y) 67 Abraham Bancker Participated (Y) 68 Gozen Ryerss Participated (Y) 69 Jonathan N. Havens Participated (Y) 70 David Hedges Participated (A) 71 Henry Scudder Participated (Y) 72 John Smith Participated (Y) 73 Thomas Tredwell Participated (N) 74 John Cantine Participated (N) 75 Ebenezer Clark Participated (N) 76 James Clinton Participated (N) 77 Cornelius C. Schoonmaker Participated (N) 78 Dirck Wynkoop Participated (N) 79 Albert Baker Participated (N) 80 David Hopkins Participated (N) 81 Ichabod Parker Participated (N) 82 John Williams Participated (N) 83 Thaddeus Crane Participated (Y) 84 Richard Hatfield Participated (Y) 85 Lott W. Sarls Participated (Y) 86 Philip Van Cortlandt Participated (Y) North Carolina Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 Richard Caswell Participated Participated Elected, died before attending 2 Joseph Hewes Participated Participated Participated 3 William Hooper Participated Participated Participated 4 John Penn Participated Participated 5 Cornelius Hornet Participated 6 Thomas Burke Participated Participated 7 John Williams Participated 8 Whitmell Hill Participated 9 Allen Jones Participated 10 William Sharpe Participated Participated 11 Willie Jones Participated 12 Samuel Johnston Participated Participated Participated (Y) 13 Benjamin Hawkins Participated Participated (Y) 14 Abner Nash Participated 15 William Blount Participated Participated Participated (Y) 16 Hugh Williamson Participated Participated Participated (Y) 17 Richard Dobbs Spaight Participated Participated 18 William Cumming Participated 19 John Sitgreaves Participated 20 Timothy Bloodworth Participated Participated (N) 21 James White Participated Participated (Y) 22 John B. Ashe Participated Participated (Y) 23 Robert Burton Participated 24 John Swann Participated 25 William R. Davie Participated* Participated (Y) 26 Alexander Martin Participated* 27 Samuel Spencer Participated (N) 28 Jesse Gilbert Participated (Y) 29 Pleasant May Participated (N) 30 Thomas Wade Participated (A) 31 David Jamieson Participated (Y) 32 John G. Blount Participated (Y) 33 William Brown Participated (A) 34 Richard Grist Participated (Y) 35 Alderson Ellison Participated (Y) 36 Silas W. Arnett Participated (Y) 37 John Johnston Participated (Y) 38 Francis Pugh Participated (Y) 39 William J. Dawson Participated (Y) 40 David Turner Participated (Y) 41 David Stone Participated (Y) 42 Benjamin Smith Participated (Y) 43 William E. Lord Participated (N) 44 William Gause Participated (Y) 45 John Hall Participated (Y) 46 Dennis Hawkins Participated (Y) 47 John Cowan Participated (Y) 48 Thomas Owen Participated (Y) 49 Joseph Gaitier Participated (N) 50 Thomas Brown Participated (N) 51 Duncan Stewart Participated (N) 52 Charles McDowall Participated (Y) 53 Joseph McDowall of Pleasant Gardens Participated (Y) 54 Joseph McDowall of Quaker Meadows Participated (Y) 55 William Erwin Participated (Y) 56 John Carson Participated (Y) 57 John Allen Participated (Y) 58 Richard Nixon Participated (NV) 59 Joseph Leech Participated (Y) 60 Thomas Williams Participated (N) 61 John Ingram Participated (Y) 62 John Hay Participated (Y) 63 William B. Grove Participated (Y) 64 James Moore Participated (N) 65 Robert Adam Participated (Y) 66 John Easton Participated (Y) 67 Malachi Bell Participated (Y) 68 John Fulford Participated (Y) 69 Wallis Styron Participated (Y) 70 John Wallace Participated (Y) 71 William Ferebee Participated (Y) 72 Thomas P. Williams Participated (Y) 73 Samuel Ferebee Participated (Y) 74 Andrew Duke Participated (Y) 75 Spence Hall Participated (Y) 76 Stephen Cabarrus Participated (Y) 77 Charles Johnson Participated (Y) 78 Lemuel Creecy Participated (Y) 79 Edmund Blount Participated (Y) 80 William Righton Participated (Y) 81 Isaac Gregory Participated (Y) 82 Peter Dauge Participated (Y) 83 Enoch Sawyer Participated (Y) 84 Henry Abbott Participated (Y) 85 Charles Grandy Participated (Y) 86 John Wommack Participated (N) 87 Robert Dickens Participated (N) 88 John Graves Participated (N) 89 Robert Payne Participated (Y) 90 Robert Bowman Participated (Y) 91 Robert Edwards Participated (N) 92 William Vestall Participated (NV) 93 John Thompson Participated (Y) 94 John Ramsay Participated (Y) 95 James Anderson Participated (NV) 96 Benjamin Sheppard Participated (Y) 97 Nathan Lassiter Participated (Y) 98 Simeon Bright Participated (Y) 99 James Pearsall Participated (N) 100 James Gillespie Participated (N) 101 Robert Dickson Participated (N) 102 Lavan Watkins Participated (N) 103 James Kenan Participated (N) 104 Charles Gerrard Participated (Y) 105 Joel Rice Participated (Y) 106 Robert Ewing Participated (Y) 107 James C. Mountflorence Participated (Y) 108 William Dobbin Participated (Y) 109 Etheldred Phillips Participated (Y) 110 Thomas Blount Participated (Y) 111 Jeremiah Hilliard Participated (Y) 112 Etheldred Gray Participated (A) 113 William Fort Participated (Y) 114 Henry Hill Participated (N) 115 Thomas Sherrod Participated (Y) 116 Jordan Hill Participated (NV) 117 William Lancaster Participated (NV) 118 William Christmas Participated (Y) 119 John Hamilton Participated (N) 120 William Gowdy Participated (N) 121 David Caldwell of Guilford Participated (N) 122 Daniel Gillespie Participated (N) 123 Elijah Mitchell Participated (N) 124 Thomas Person Participated (N) 125 Thorton Yancey Participated (N) 126 Peter Bennett Participated (N) 127 Edmund Taylor Jr. Participated (Y) 128 David Rice Participated (Y) 129 Joseph Riddick Participated (Y) 130 John Baker Participated (Y) 131 John Sevier Participated (Y) 132 Alexander Outlaw Participated (Y) 133 John Allison Participated (Y) 134 George Doherty Participated (NV) 135 James Wilson Participated (NV) 136 Lunsford Long Participated (Y) 137 George Ledbetter Participated (A) 138 Peter Qualls Participated (Y) 139 John Whitaker Participated (Y) 140 Marmaduke Norfleet Participated (NV) 141 Thomas Wynns Participated (Y) 142 Robert Montgomery Participated (Y) 143 Hardy Murfee Participated (Y) 144 Henry Hill Participated (Y) 145 Henry Baker Participated (Y) 146 John Eborn Participated (Y) 147 James Watson Participated (Y) 148 John Anderson Participated (Y) 149 James Jasper Participated (Y) 150 Michael Peters Participated (Y) 151 Nathaniel Henderson Participated (Y) 152 John Hunt Participated (Y) 153 Elijah Chesson Participated (Y) 154 Adlai Osborne Participated (Y) 155 Adam Brevard Participated (Y) 156 Musentine Matthews Participated (Y) 157 John Nesbitt (Nisbet) Participated (Y) 158 David Caldwell of Iredell Participated (Y) 159 Samuel Smith Participated (Y) 160 Hardy Bryan Participated (Y) 161 William Bridgers Participated (A) 162 William Hackney Participated (NV) 163 Matthias Handy Participated (Y) 164 Frederick Hargett Participated (Y) 165 Edward Whitty Participated (Y) 166 John H. Bryan Participated (Y) 167 Jacob Johnston Participated (Y) 168 Joseph Dickson Participated (Y) 169 John Moore Participated (Y) 170 William MacLaine Participated (Y) 171 Robert Alexander Participated (N) 172 John Caruth Participated (Y) 173 William Martin Participated (N) 174 Thomas Tyson Participated (NV) 175 Donald MacIntosh Participated (N) 176 Neill McLeod Participated (N) 177 Cornelius Doud Participated (N) 178 John Stewart Participated (Y) 179 William Williams Participated (Y) 180 Nathan Mayo Participated (Y) 181 Thomas Hunter Participated (Y) 182 Zachias Wilson Participated (N) 183 Joseph Douglass Participated (N) 184 Caleb Phifer Participated (N) 185 Joseph Graham Participated (Y) 186 James Porter Participated (N) 187 William Johnston Participated (Y) 188 James Turner Participated (Y) 189 James Tindall Participated (Y) 190 David Nesbitt Participated (Y) 191 James Crump Participated (Y) 192 John M. Benford Participated (Y) 193 Halcott B. Pride Participated (N) 194 Samuel Tarver Participated (Y) 195 Robert Peebles Participated (Y) 196 Samuel Peete Participated (Y) 197 John G. Scull Participated (N) 198 John Huske Participated (N) 199 John A. Campbell Participated (N) 200 Howell Ellin Participated (NV) Pennsylvania Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 Edward Biddle Participated Participated 2 John Dickinson Participated Participated 3 Joseph Galloway Participated 4 Charles Humphreys Participated Participated 5 Thomas Miffin Participated Participated Participated Participated 6 John Morton Participated Participated Participated 7 Samuel Rhoads Participated 8 George Ross Participated Participated Participated 9 Andrew Allen Participated 10 Benjamin Franklin Participated Participated Participated 11 Thomas Willing Participated 12 James Wilson Participated Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 13 Robert Morris Participated Participated Participated 14 George Taylor Participated Participated 15 Benjamin Rush Participated Participated Participated (Y) 16 George Clymer Participated Participated Participated Participated 17 James Smith Participated Participated 18 William Clingan Participated 19 Daniel Roberdeau Participated 20 Joseph Reed Participated 21 Jonathan Smith Participated 22 James Searle Participated 23 William Shippen Participated 24 Samuel Atlee Participated Participated 25 John Armstrong Sir. Participated Participated 26 James McLene Participated 27 Frederick A. Muhlenberg Participated Participated (Y) 28 Henry Wynkoop Participated Participated Participated (Y) 29 Jared Ingersoll Participated Participated 30 Timothy Matlack Participated 31 Joseph Montgomery Participated Participated 32 Thomas Smith Participated 33 Thomas Fitzsimons Participated Participated 34 Richard Peters Jr. Participated 35 Edward Hand Participated 36 Cadwalader Morris Participated 37 Joseph Gardner Participated 38 William Henry Participated 39 John Bubenheim Bayard Participated 40 David Jackson Participated 41 Charles Pettit Participated 42 Arthur St. Clair Participated 43 William Bingham Participated 44 Samuel Meredith Participated 45 William Irvine Participated 46 James Randolph Reid Participated 47 Tench Coxe Participated 48 Gouverneur Morris Participated 49 John Allison Participated (Y) 50 Jonathan Roberts Participated (Y) 51 John Richards Participated (Y) 52 James Morris Participated (Y) 53 Timothy Pickering Participated (Y) 54 Benjamin Elliot Participated (Y) 55 Stephen Balliet Participated (Y) 56 Joseph Horsfield Participated (Y) 57 David Deshler Participated (Y) 58 William Wilson Participated (Y) 59 John Boyd Participated (Y) 60 Thomas Scott Participated (Y) 61 John Nevill Participated (Y) 62 Jasper Yeates Participated (Y) 63 Henry Slagle Participated (Y) 64 Thomas Campbell Participated (Y) 65 Thomas Hartley Participated (Y) 66 David Grier Participated (Y) 67 John Black Participated (Y) 68 Benjamin Pedan Participated (Y) 69 John Arndt Participated (Y) 70 William Gibbons Participated (Y) 71 Richard Downing Participated (Y) 72 Thomas Cheyney Participated (Y) 73 John Hannum Participated (Y) 74 Stephen Chambers Participated (Y) 75 Robert Coleman Participated (Y) 76 Sebastian Graff Participated (Y) 77 John Hubley Participated (Y) 78 Samuel Ashmead Participated (Y) 79 Enoch Edwards Participated (Y) 80 John Barclay Participated (Y) 81 Thomas Yardley Participated (Y) 82 Abraham Stout Participated (Y) 83 Thomas Bull Participated (Y) 84 Anthony Wayne Participated (Y) 85 George Latimer Participated (Y) 86 Hilary Baker Participated (Y) 87 Thomas McKean Participated (Y) 88 William Macpherson Participated (Y) 89 John Hunn Participated (Y) 90 George Gray Participated (Y) 91 John Whitehill Participated (N) 92 John Harris Participated (N) 93 John Reynolds Participated (N) 94 Robert Whitehill Participated (N) 95 Jonathan Hoge Participated (N) 96 Nicholas Lutz Participated (N) 97 John Ludwig Participated (N) 98 Abraham Lincoln Participated (N) 99 John Bishop Participated (N) 100 Joseph Heister Participated (N) 101 James Martin Participated (N) 102 Joseph Powell Participated (N) 103 William Todd Participated (N) 104 James Marshall Participated (N) 105 James Edgar Participated (N) 106 Nathaniel Breading Participated (N) 107 John Smilie Participated (N) 108 Richard Bard Participated (N) 109 William Brown Participated (N) 110 Adam Orth Participated (N) 111 John A. Hanna Participated (N) Rhode Island Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 Stephen Hopkins Participated Participated Participated 2 Samuel Ward Participated Participated 3 William Ellery Participated Participated Participated 4 Henry Marchant Participated Participated (Y) 5 John Collins Participated Participated 6 Ezekiel Cornell Participated Participated 7 Daniel Mowry Jr. Participated Participated 8 James Mitchell Varnum Participated Participated 9 Jonathan Arnold Participated 10 David Howell Participated 11 James Manning Participated 12 Nathan Miller Participated 13 Peleg Arnold Participated 14 Jonathan Hazard Participated 15 John Gardner Participated 16 George Champlin Participated (Y) 17 George Sears Participated (Y) 18 John Davis Participated (Y) 19 Isaac Manchester Participated (Y) 20 Abraham Barker Participated (Y) 21 William Ladd Participated (Y) 22 Jesse Maxson Participated (Y) 23 William Peckham Participated (NV) 24 John Brown Participated (Y) 25 William Nichols Participated (N) 26 Walter White Participated (Y) 27 George Stilman Participated (Y) 28 George Haszard Participated (Y) 29 Peleg Clarke Participated (Y) 30 William Tripp Participated (Y) 31 Jabez Bowen Participated (Y) 32 Benjamin Bourne Participated (Y) 33 William Bourne Participated (Y) 34 John I. Clark Participated (Y) 35 Burrington Anthony Participated (Y) 36 Job Durfee Participated (NV) 37 Giles Slocum Participated (N) 38 Peter Barker Participated (Y) 39 Thomas Rice Jr. Participated (N) 40 Gideon Arnold Participated (N) 41 Benjamin Arnold Jr. Participated (Y) 42 Christopher Greene Jr. Participated (Y) 43 William Congdon Participated (N) 44 Bowen Card Participated (N) 45 Samuel J. Potter Participated (N) 46 Jona J. Haszard Participated (N) 47 Pardon Mawney Participated (N) 48 Job Comstock Participated (N) 49 Benjamin Remington Participated (Y) 50 Nicholas Carr Participated (Y) 51 John Sayles Participated (N) 52 Andrew Waterman Participated (N) 53 James Aldrich Participated (N) 54 Nathan Bates Participated (N) 55 Stephen Steere Participated (N) 56 Thomas Hoxsie Participated (N) 57 Joseph Stanton Jr. Participated (N) 58 William Matthewson Participated (N) 59 Benjamin Arnold Participated (N) 60 Job Greene Participated (N) 61 Joseph Reynolds Participated (N) 62 Job Willcox Participated (N) 63 Joshua Barker Participated (Y) 64 Elisha Barker Participated (Y) 65 William Bradford Participated (Y) 66 Shearjashrub Bourne Participated (Y) 67 Benjamin Bosworth Participated (Y) 68 Samuel Pearce Participated (Y) 69 John Dexter Participated (Y) 70 Levi Ballou Participated (Y) 71 James Sheldon Participated (N) 72 Thomas James Participated (N) 73 Peter Stone Participated (N) 74 Jonathan Sprague Jr. Participated (N) 75 Noah Matthewson Participated (N) 76 William King Participated (N) 77 Elisha Brown Participated (N) 78 Eseck Esten Participated (N) 79 Thomas Allen Participated (Y) 80 Samuel Allen Participated (Y) 81 William Howard Participated (N) 82 John Williams Participated (N) 83 Daniel Owen Participated (NV) 84 Daniel Updike Participated (NV) South Carolina Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 Christopher Gadsden Participated Participated Participated (Y) 2 Thomas Lynch Participated Participated 3 Henry Middleton Participated Participated 4 Edward Rutledge Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 5 John Rutledge Participated Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 6 Thomas Lynch Jr. Participated Participated 7 Arthur Middleton Participated Participated Participated 8 Thomas Hayward Jr. Participated Participated 9 Henry Laurens Sr. Participated Participated (Y) 10 William Drayton Participated 11 Richard Hutson Participated Participated (Y) 12 John Matthews Participated Participated Participated (Y) 13 Francis Kinloch Participated Participated (Y) 14 Thomas Bee Participated Participated Participated (Y) 15 Isaac Motte Participated Participated Participated (Y) 16 Nicholas Eveleigh Participated 17 John Lewis Gervais Participated Participated (N) 18 Ralph Izard Sr. Participated Participated (Y) 19 David Ramsay Participated Participated (Y) 20 Richard Beresford Participated 21 Jacob Read Participated Participated (Y) 22 John Bull Participated 23 John Kean Participated 24 Charles Pinckney Participated Participated Participated (Y) 25 Daniel Huger Participated 26 John Parker Sr. Participated Participated (Y) 27 Pierce Butler Participated Participated 28 Thomas Tudor Tucker Participated 29 Robert Barnwell Participated Participated (Y) 30 Charles C Pinckney Participated Participated (Y) 31 Thomas Alston Participated (Y) 32 Daniel Morrall Participated (Y) 33 Joseph Manigault Participated (Y) 34 William Read Participated (Y) 35 Joshua Toomer Participated (Y) 36 Arnoldus Vanderhorst Participated (Y) 37 Joseph Brown Participated (N) 38 James Knox Participated (N) 39 Edward Lacey Participated (N) 40 William Miles Participated (N) 41 Jacob Brown Participated (N) 42 John Cook Participated (N) 43 James Craig Participated (N) 44 John Gray Participated (N) 45 Thomas Howell Participated (N) 46 William Meyer Participated (N) 47 Thomas Taylor Participated (N) 48 John Hunter Participated (Y) 49 Joshua Saxon Participated (N) 50 Samuel Saxon Participated (N) 51 Thomas Wadsworth Participated (Y) 52 Aedanus Burke Participated (N) 53 John Hampton Participated (N) 54 John Lindsey Participated (N) 55 Robert Rutherford Participated (N) 56 Philemon Waters Participated (N) 57 Thomas Brandon Participated (N) 58 Zachariah Bulloch Participated (N) 59 James Jordan Participated (N) 60 William Kennedy Participated (N) 61 Charles Sims Participated (N) 62 Jonathan Clark Participated (Y) 63 John Collins Participated (Y) 64 William Dunbar Participated (Y) 65 William Robinson Participated (Y) 66 Stephen Smith Participated (Y) 67 Joseph Vince Participated (Y) 68 Andrew Baskins Participated (N) 69 Samuel Boykin Participated (A) 70 John Chesnut Participated (Y) 71 Benjamin Cudworth Participated (N) 72 Samuel Dunlap Participated (N) 73 Thomas Dunlap Participated (N) 74 John Lowry Participated (N) 75 William Massey Participated (N) 76 John Montgomery Participated (N) 77 Thomas Sumter Participated (N) 78 Hugh White Participated (N) 79 Francis Cummins Participated (Y) 80 William Hill Participated (N) 81 James Hunt Participated (N) 82 Andrew Love Participated (N) 83 Samuel Lowrey Participated (N) 84 John McCaw Participated (N) 85 James Martin Participated (N) 86 Adam Meek Participated (N) 87 Robert Patton Participated (N) 88 Abraham Smith Participated (N) 89 Samuel Watson Participated (N) 90 John Bowie Participated (N) 91 William Butler Participated (N) 92 Joseph Colhoun Participated (N) 93 Charles Davenport Participated (A) 94 Andrew Hamilton Participated (N) 95 John Harris Participated (Y) 96 Adam C. Jones Participated (N) 97 James Lincoln Participated (N) 98 Edmond Martin Participated (N) 99 Lemuel J. Alston Participated (Y) 100 Samuel Earle Participated (Y) 101 John Thomas Jr. Participated (Y) 102 William McCaleb Participated (Y) 103 John Miller Participated (Y) 104 Donald Bruce Participated (Y) 105 Lewis Golsan Participated (A) 106 Lewis Lesterjette Participated (Y) 107 Jacob Rumph Participated (Y) 108 John Burgess Jr. Participated (N) 109 Patrick Dollard Participated (N) 110 William Frierson Participated (Y) 111 James Pettigrew Participated (Y) 112 William Reed Participated (N) 113 Alexander Tweed Participated (Y) 114 William Wilson Participated (Y) 115 William Alston Jr. Participated (Y) 116 Cleland Kinloch Participated (Y) 117 Samuel Smith Participated (Y) 118 Thomas Waties Participated (Y) 119 John A. Cuthbert Participated (Y) 120 Stephen Deveaux Participated (Y) 121 Thomas Hutson Participated (Y) 122 John Lightwood Participated (Y) 123 John McPherson Participated (Y) 124 James Maine Participated (Y) 125 John Simmons Participated (Y) 126 Charles Drayton Participated (Y) 127 Glen Drayton Participated (Y) 128 Thomas Fuller Participated (Y) 129 Ralph Izard Jr. Participated (Y) 130 James Ladson Participated (Y) 131 William Scott Participated (Y) 132 Edmund Bellinger Participated (N) 133 John Croskeys Participated (Y) 134 John Lloyd Participated (Y) 135 Benjamin Postell Participated (N) 136 O'Brien Smith Participated (N) 137 William C. Snipes Participated (N) 138 Paul Walter Participated (N) 139 Lemuel Benton Participated (Y) 140 Robert Brownfield Participated (Y) 141 William Dewitt Participated (Y) 142 Benjamin Hicks Jr. Participated (Y) 143 Calvin Spencer Participated (Y) 144 Samuel Taylor Participated (Y) 145 Tristram Thomas Participated (A) 146 John Dawson Participated (Y) 147 John Glaze Participated (Y) 148 Matthias Hutchinson Participated (Y) 149 John Postell Participated (Y) 150 William Postell Participated (Y) 151 Morton Waring Participated (Y) 152 Thomas Waring Participated (Y) 153 John Barnwell Participated (Y) 154 William Elliot Participated (Y) 155 John Joyner Participated (Y) 156 John Kean Participated (Y) 157 James Stuart Participated (Y) 158 William H. Wigg Participated (Y) 159 John Deas Jr. Participated (Y) 160 Gabriel Manigault Participated (Y) 161 Benjamin Smith Participated (Y) 162 Peter Smith Participated (Y) 163 William L. Smith Participated (Y) 164 John Bowman Participated (N) 165 Isaac Dubose Participated (Y) 166 Thomas Horry Participated (Y) 167 John Mayrant Participated (Y) 168 Lewis Miles Participated (Y) 169 Samuel Warren Participated (Y) 170 Richard Withers Participated (Y) 171 Peter Fayssoux Participated (N) 172 Henry Laurens Jr. Participated (Y) 173 William Moultrie Participated (Y) 174 Keating Simons Participated (N) 175 Thomas Withers Participated (N) 176 Daniel Jenkins Participated (Y) 177 Isaac Jenkins Participated (Y) 178 Thomas Legare Participated (Y) 179 Ephraim Mikell Participated (Y) 180 Richard Muncreef Jr. Participated (Y) 181 William Smelie Participated (Y) 182 Hugh Wilson Participated (Y) 183 John Linton Participated (N) 184 William Thomson Participated (Y) 185 Paul Warley Participated (Y) 186 Melcher Gerner Participated (N) 187 George Haig Participated (Y) 188 Paul Hamilton Participated (Y) 189 Roger P. Saunders Participated (Y) 190 Joseph Slann Participated (Y) 191 William Washington Participated (Y) 192 Jehu Wilson Participated (N) 193 John L. Bourquin Jr. Participated (N) 194 John Chisholm Participated (N) 195 John Fenwick Participated (Y) 196 Joachim Hartstone Participated (Y) 197 Henry Holcom Participated (Y) 198 Seth Stafford Participated (Y) 199 Edward Blake Participated (Y) 200 John Blake Participated (Y) Virginia Count Name First CC Second CC DI USCA PC SRC 1 George Washington Participated Participated Participated 2 Benjamin Harrison Participated Participated Participated Participated (N) 3 Patrick Henry Participated Participated Participated (N) 4 Richard Lee Participated Participated Participated Participated 5 Edmund Pendleton Participated Participated Participated (Y) 6 Peyton Randolph Participated Participated 7 Richard Bland Participated Participated 8 Thomas Jefferson Participated Participated Participated 9 George Wythe Participated Participated Participated* Participated (Y) 10 Thomas Nelson Jr. Participated Participated 11 Francis Lee Participated Participated 12 Carter Braxton Participated Participated 13 Mann Page Participated 14 John Harvie Participated 15 Joseph Jones Participated Participated Participated (N) 16 John Banister Participated 17 Thomas Adams Participated 18 Cyrus Griffin Participated Participated 19 Meriwether Smith Participated Participated Participated (N) 20 William Fitzhugh Participated 21 William Fleming Participated Participated (Y) 22 James Mercer Participated 23 Edmund Randolph Participated Participated Participated* Participated (Y) 24 James Henry Participated 25 John Walker Participated 26 Theodorick Bland Participated Participated Participated (N) 27 James Madison Participated Participated Participated Participated (Y) 28 Arthur Lee Participated 29 John Francis Mercer Participated 30 Samuel Hardy Participated 31 James Monroe Participated Participated (N) 32 Henry Lee Participated Participated (Y) 33 William Grayson Participated Participated (N) 34 Edward Carrington Participated 35 John Brown Participated 36 John Dawson Participated Participated (N) 37 John Blair Participated Participated (Y) 38 George Mason Participated* Participated (N) 39 James McClurg Participated* 40 Edmund Custis Participated (N) 41 George Parker Participated (Y) 42 George Nicholas Participated (Y) 43 Wilson C. Nicholas Participated (Y) 44 John Pride Participated (N) 45 Edmund Booker Participated (N) 46 William Cabell Participated (N) 47 Samuel J. Cabell Participated (N) 48 Zachariah Johnston Participated (Y) 49 Archibald Stuart Participated (Y) 50 John Trigg Participated (N) 51 Charles Clay Participated (N) 52 William Darke Participated (Y) 53 Adam Stephen Participated (Y) 54 Martin M'Ferran (or McFerran) Participated (N) 55 Henry Lee (of Bourbon) Participated (N) 56 Notley Conn Participated (A) 57 John Jones Participated (N) 58 Binns Jones Participated (N) 59 Charles Patteson Participated (N) 60 David Bell Participated (N) 61 Robert Alexander Participated (N) 62 Edmund Winston Participated (N) 63 James Taylor (of Caroline) Participated (Y) 64 Thomas Read Participated (N) 65 Paul Carrington Participated (Y) 66 John Tyler, Sr. Participated (N) 67 David Patteson Participated (Y) 68 Stephen Pankey, Jr. Participated (N) 69 Joseph Michaux Participated (N) 70 Thomas H. Drew Participated (N) 71 French Strother Participated (N) 72 Joel Early Participated (N) 73 William Watkins Participated (N) 74 Miles King Participated (Y) 75 Worlich Westwood Participated (Y) 76 James Upshaw (or Upshur) Participated (N) 77 David Stuart Participated (Y) 78 Charles Simms Participated (Y) 79 Humphrey Marshall Participated (Y) 80 John Fowler Participated (N) 81 Martin Pickett Participated (Y) 82 Humphrey Brooke Participated (Y) 83 Samuel Richardson Participated (N) 84 Joseph Haden Participated (N) 85 John Early Participated (N) 86 Thomas Arthur Participated (N) 87 John S. Woodcock Participated (Y) 88 Alexander White Participated (Y) 89 Warner Lewis Participated (Y) 90 Thomas Smith Participated (Y) 91 John Guerrant Participated (N) 92 William Sampson Participated (N) 93 George Clendenin Participated (Y) 94 John Stuart Participated (Y) 95 William Mason Participated (Y) 96 Daniel Fisher Participated (Y) 97 Isaac Coles Participated (N) 98 George Carrington Participated (N) 99 Andrew Woodrow Participated (Y) 100 Ralph Humphreys Participated (Y) 101 Parke Goodall Participated (N) 102 John C. Littlepage Participated (N) 103 Isaac Vanmeter Participated (Y) 104 Abel Seymour Participated (Y) 105 George Jackson Participated (Y) 106 John Prunty Participated (Y) 107 John Marshall Participated (Y) 108 Thomas Cooper Participated (N) 109 John Marr Participated (N) 110 Thomas Pierce Participated (A) 111 James Johnson Participated (Y) 112 Nathaniel Burwell Participated (Y) 113 Robert Andrews Participated (Y) 114 Robert Breckenridge Participated (Y) 115 Rice Bullock Participated (Y) 116 William Fleet Participated (Y) 117 Thomas Roane Participated (N) 118 Burdet Ashton Participated (Y) 119 William Thornton Participated (Y) 120 Holt Richeson Participated (N) 121 Benjamin Temple Participated (N) 122 James Gordon Sr. (of Lancaster) Participated (Y) 123 Henry Towles Participated (Y) 124 Stevens Thomson Mason Participated (N) 125 Leven Powell Participated (Y) 126 William Overton Callis Participated (Y) 127 William White Participated (N) 128 Jonathan Patteson Participated (N) 129 Christopher Robertson Participated (N) 130 John Logan Participated (N) 131 Henry Pawling Participated (N) 132 John Miller Participated (N) 133 Green Clay Participated (N) 134 Samuel Hopkins, Jr. Participated (N) 135 Richard Kennon Participated (N) 136 Thomas Allen Participated (N) 137 Alexander Robertson Participated (N) 138 Ralph Wormley, Jr. Participated (Y) 139 Francis Corbin Participated (Y) 140 John Evans Participated (N) 141 William McClerry Participated (Y) 142 Walter Crockett Participated (N) 143 Abraham Trigg Participated (N) 144 Willis Riddick Participated (Y) 145 Solomon Shepherd Participated (Y) 146 William Clayton Participated (Y) 147 Burwell Bassett Participated (Y) 148 Matthew Walton Participated (N) 149 John Steele Participated (N) 150 James Webb Participated (Y) 151 James Taylor (of Norfolk) Participated (Y) 152 John Stringer Participated (Y) 153 Littleton Eyre Participated (Y) 154 Walter Jones Participated (Y) 155 Thomas Gaskins Participated (Y) 156 Archibald Woods Participated (Y) 157 Ebenezer Zane Participated (Y) 158 James Gordon, Jr. (of Orange) Participated (Y) 159 Robert Williams Participated (N) 160 John Wilson (of Pittsylvania) Participated (N) 161 William Ronald (or Roland) Participated (Y) 162 Thomas Turpin, Jr. Participated (N) 163 Robert Lawson Participated (N) 164 Edmund Ruffin Participated (N) 165 Cuthbert Bullitt Participated (N) 166 Anthony Walke Participated (Y) 167 Thomas Walke Participated (Y) 168 Benjamin Wilson Participated (Y) 169 John Wilson (of Randolph) Participated (Y) 170 Walker Tomlin Participated (Y) 171 William Peachy Participated (Y) 172 William McKee Participated (Y) 173 Andrew Moore Participated (Y) 174 Thomas Lewis Participated (Y) 175 Gabriel Jones Participated (Y) 176 Thomas Carter Participated (N) 177 Henry Dickenson Participated (N) 178 Jacob Rinker Participated (Y) 179 John Williams Participated (Y) 180 Benjamin Blout Participated (Y) 181 Samuel Killo Participated (Y) 182 Andrew Buchanan Participated (N) 183 John Hartwell Cocke Participated (Y) 184 John Allen Participated (Y) 185 John Howell Briggs Participated (N) 186 Thomas Edmunds Participated (N) 187 Cole Digges Participated (Y) 188 Richard Cary Participated (N) 189 Samuel Edmison Participated (N) 190 James Montgomery Participated (N) 191 Bushrod Washington Participated (Y) 192 James Innes Participated (Y) 193 Thomas Matthews Participated (Y)

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Andrew Jackson's First Inaugural Address March 4, 1829 Andrew Jackson's First Inaugural Address Fellow-Citizens: About to undertake the arduous duties that I have been appointed to perform by the choice of a free people, I avail myself of this customary and solemn occasion to express the gratitude which their confidence inspires and to acknowledge the accountability which my situation enjoins. While the magnitude of their interests convinces me that no thanks can be adequate to the honor they have conferred, it admonishes me that the best return I can make is the zealous dedication of my humble abilities to their service and their good. As the instrument of the Federal Constitution it will devolve on me for a stated period to execute the laws of the United States, to superintend their foreign and their confederate relations, to manage their revenue, to command their forces, and, by communications to the Legislature, to watch over and to promote their interests generally. And the principles of action by which I shall endeavor to accomplish this circle of duties it is now proper for me briefly to explain. In administering the laws of Congress I shall keep steadily in view the limitations as well as the extent of the Executive power trusting thereby to discharge the functions of my office without transcending its authority. With foreign nations it will be my study to preserve peace and to cultivate friendship on fair and honorable terms, and in the adjustment of any differences that may exist or arise to exhibit the forbearance becoming a powerful nation rather than the sensibility belonging to a gallant people. In such measures as I may be called on to pursue in regard to the rights of the separate States I hope to be animated by a proper respect for those sovereign members of our Union, taking care not to confound the powers they have reserved to themselves with those they have granted to the Confederacy. The management of the public revenue--that searching operation in all governments--is among the most delicate and important trusts in ours, and it will, of course, demand no inconsiderable share of my official solicitude. Under every aspect in which it can be considered it would appear that advantage must result from the observance of a strict and faithful economy. This I shall aim at the more anxiously both because it will facilitate the extinguishment of the national debt, the unnecessary duration of which is incompatible This document appears in the Compendium: Chapter 10 Andrew Jackson's Inaugural Address Broadside Annotation: Delivered on March 4, 1829, Andrew Jackson’s first inaugural address presented his vision of a restrained federal government, strict constitutional limits, and a commitment to reforming abuses within the executive branch. Emphasizing popular sovereignty and rotation in office, Jackson framed his presidency as a break from entrenched elites, promising to restore government to the will and interests of the American people. Author: Andrew Jackson  — attributed to Thomas Sully ca. 1857 Transcript Source: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbpe.19301900 with real independence, and because it will counteract that tendency to public and private profligacy which a profuse expenditure of money by the Government is but too apt to engender. Powerful auxiliaries to the attainment of this desirable end are to be found in the regulations provided by the wisdom of Congress for the specific appropriation of public money and the prompt accountability of public officers. With regard to a proper selection of the subjects of impost with a view to revenue, it would seem to me that the spirit of equity, caution and compromise in which the Constitution was formed requires that the great interests of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures should be equally favored, and that perhaps the only exception to this rule should consist in the peculiar encouragement of any products of either of them that may be found essential to our national independence. Internal improvement and the diffusion of knowledge, so far as they can be promoted by the constitutional acts of the Federal Government, are of high importance. Considering standing armies as dangerous to free governments in time of peace, I shall not seek to enlarge our present establishment, nor disregard that salutary lesson of political experience which teaches that the military should be held subordinate to the civil power. The gradual increase of our Navy, whose flag has displayed in distant climes our skill in navigation and our fame in arms; the preservation of our forts, arsenals, and dockyards, and the introduction of progressive improvements in the discipline and science of both branches of our military service are so plainly prescribed by prudence that I should be excused for omitting their mention sooner than for enlarging on their importance. But the bulwark of our defense is the national militia, which in the present state of our intelligence and population must render us invincible. As long as our Government is administered for the good of the people, and is regulated by their will; as long as it secures to us the rights of person and of property, liberty of conscience and of the press, it will be worth defending; and so long as it is worth defending a patriotic militia will cover it with an impenetrable aegis. Partial injuries and occasional mortifications we may be subjected to, but a million of armed freemen, possessed of the means of war, can never be conquered by a foreign foe. To any just system, therefore, calculated to strengthen this natural safeguard of the country I shall cheerfully lend all the aid in my power. It will be my sincere and constant desire to observe toward the Indian tribes within our limits a just and liberal policy, and to give that humane and considerate attention to their rights and their wants which is consistent with the habits of our Government and the feelings of our people. The recent demonstration of public sentiment inscribes on the list of Executive duties, in characters too legible to be overlooked, the task of reform, which will require particularly the correction of those abuses that have brought the patronage of the Federal Government into conflict with the freedom of elections, and the counteraction of those causes which have disturbed the rightful course of appointment and have placed or continued power in unfaithful or incompetent hands. In the performance of a task thus generally delineated I shall endeavor to select men whose diligence and talents will insure in their respective stations able and faithful cooperation, depending for the advancement of the public service more on the integrity and zeal of the public officers than on their numbers. A diffidence, perhaps too just, in my own qualifications will teach me to look with reverence to the examples of public virtue left by my illustrious predecessors, and with veneration to the lights that flow from the mind that founded and the mind that reformed our system. The same diffidence induces me to hope for instruction and aid from the coordinate branches of the Government, and for the indulgence and support of my fellow-citizens generally. And a firm reliance on the goodness of that Power whose providence mercifully protected our national infancy, and has since upheld our liberties in various vicissitudes, encourages me to offer up my ardent supplications that He will continue to make our beloved country the object of His divine care and gracious benediction.

McKinley's Final Speech September 5, 1901 McKinley's Final Speech I am glad to be again in the city of Buffalo and exchange greetings with her people, to whose generous hospitality I am not a stranger and with whose good will I have been repeatedly and signally honored. To-day I have additional satisfaction in meeting and giving welcome to the foreign representatives assembled here, whose presence and participation in this exposition have contributed in so marked a degree to its interest and success. To the Commissioners of the Dominion of Canada and the British colonies, the French colonies, the republics of Mexico and Central and South America and the commissioners of Cuba and Puerto Rico, who share with us in this undertaking, we give the hand of fellowship and felicitate with them upon the triumphs of art, science, education and manufacture which the old has bequeathed to the new century. Expositions are the timekeepers of progress. They record the world's advancement. They stimulate the energy, enterprise and intellect of the people and quicken human genius. They go into the home. They broaden and brighten the daily life of the people. They open mighty storehouses of information to the student. Every exposition, great or small, has helped to some onward step. Comparison of ideas is always educational, and as such instruct the brain and hand of man. Friendly rivalry follows, which is the spur to industrial improvement, the inspiration to useful invention and to high endeavor in all departments of human activity. It exacts a study of the wants, comforts and even the whims of the people and recognizes the efficiency of high quality and new pieces to win their favor. The quest for trade is an incentive to men of business to devise, invent, improve and economize in the cost of production. Business life, whether among ourselves or with other people, is ever a sharp struggle for success. It will be none the less so in the future. Without competition we would be clinging to the clumsy antiquated processes of farming and manufacture and the methods of business of long ago, and the twentieth would be no further advanced than the eighteenth century. But though commercial competitors we are, commercial enemies we must not be. The Pan-American exposition has done its work thoroughly, presenting in its exhibits evidences of the highest skill and illustrating the progress of the human family in the western hemisphere. This portion of the earth has no cause for humiliation for the part it has performed in the march of civilization. It has not accomplished everything from it. It has simply done its best, and without vanity or boastfulness, and recognizing the manifold achievements of others, it invites the friendly rivalry of all the powers in the peaceful pursuits of trade and commerce, and will co-operate with all in advancing the highest and best interests of humanity. This document appears in the Compendium: Chapter 16 Video Preserved by the Library of Congress Item Annotation: In his remarks at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York (September 5, 1901), William McKinley endorsed tariff reciprocity as a means of expanding American foreign trade and commercial influence. Delivered one day before he was shot on September 6, 1901 (he died on September 14), the speech reflects a late shift toward a more outward-looking economic policy at the height of U.S. industrial and imperial expansion. Audience View of McKinley Delivering His Final Speech Buffalo History Gazette Author: McKinley Delivering his Final Speech — September 5, 1901. Buffalo History Gazette Transcript Source: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/president-mckinleys-last-public-utterance-the-people-buffalo-new-york The wisdom and energy of all the nations are none too great for the world's work. The success of art, science, industry and invention is an international asset and a common glory. After all, how near one to the other is every part of the world. Modern inventions have brought into close relation widely separated peoples and made them better acquainted. Geographic and political divisions will continue to exist, but distances have been effaced. Swift ships and swift trains are becoming cosmopolitan. They invade fields which a few years ago were impenetrable. The world's products are exchanged as never before, and with increasing transportation facilities come increasing knowledge and larger trade. Prices are fixed with mathematical precision by supply and demand. The world's selling prices are regulated by market and crop reports. We travel greater distances in a shorter space of time and with more ease than was ever dreamed of by the fathers. Isolation is no longer possible or desirable. The same important news is read, though in different languages, the same day in all christendom. The telegraph keeps us advised of what is occurring everywhere, and the press foreshadows, with more or less accuracy, the plans and purposes of the nations. Market prices of products and of securities are hourly known in every commercial mart, and the investments of the people extend beyond their own national boundaries into the remotest parts of the earth. Vast transactions are conducted and international exchanges are made by the tick of the cable. Every event of interest is immediately bulletined. The quick gathering and transmission of news, like rapid transit, are of recent origin and are only made possible by the genius of the inventor and the courage of the investor. It took a special messenger of the Government, with every facility known at the time for rapid travel, nineteen days to go from the city of Washington to New Orleans with a message to General Jackson that the war with England had ceased and a treaty of peace had been signed. How different now! We reached General Miles in Puerto Rico by cable, and he was able, through the military telegraph, to stop his army on the firing line with the message that the United States and Spain had signed a protocol suspending hostilities. We knew almost instantly of the first shots fired at Santiago, and the subsequent surrender of the Spanish forces was known at Washington within less than an hour of its consummation The first ship of Cervera's fleet had hardly emerged from that historic harbor when the fact was flashed to our capital, and the swift destruction that followed was announced immediately through the wonderful medium of telegraphy. So accustomed are we to safe and easy communication with distant lands that its temporary interruption, even in ordinary times, results in loss and inconvenience. We shall never forget the days of anxious waiting and awful suspense when no information was permitted to be sent from Pekin, and the diplomatic representatives of the nations in China, cut off from all communication, inside and outside of the walled capital, were surrounded by an angry and misguided mob that threatened their lives; nor the joy that filled the world when a single message from the Government of the United States brought through our minister the first news of the safety of the besieged diplomats. At the beginning of the nineteenth century there was not a mile of steam railroad on the globe. Now there are enough miles to make its circuit many times. Then there was not a line of electric telegraph; now we have a vast mileage traversing all lands and seas. God and man have linked the nations together. No nation can longer be indifferent to any other. And as we are brought more and more in touch with each other the less occasion there is for misunderstandings and the stronger the disposition, when we have differences, to adjust them in the court of arbitration, which is the noblest forum for the settlement of international disputes. My fellow citizens, trade statistics indicate that this country is in a state of unexampled prosperity. The figures are almost appalling. They show that we are utilizing our fields and forests and mines and that we are furnishing profitable employment to the millions of workingmen throughout the United States, bringing comfort and happiness to their homes and making it possible to lay by savings for old age and disability. That all the people are participating in this great prosperity is seen in every American community, and shown by the enormous and unprecedented deposits in our savings banks. Our duty is the care and security of these deposits, and their safe investment demands the highest integrity and the best business capacity of those in charge of these depositories of the people's earnings. We have a vast and intricate business, built up through years of toil and struggle, in which every part of the country has its stake, and will not permit of either neglect or of undue selfishness. No narrow, sordid policy will subserve it. The greatest skill and wisdom on the part of the manufacturers and producers will be required to hold and increase it. Our industrial enterprises which have grown to such great proportions affect the homes and occupations of the people and the welfare of the country. Our capacity to produce has developed so enormously and our products have so multiplied that the problem of more markets requires our urgent and immediate attention. Only a broad and enlightened policy will keep what we have. No other policy will get more. In these times of marvelous business energy and gain we ought to be looking to the future, strengthening the weak places in our industrial and commercial system, that we may be ready for any storm or strain. By sensible trade arrangements which will not interrupt our home production we shall extend the outlets for our increasing surplus. A system which provides a mutual exchange of commodities, a mutual exchange is manifestly essential to the continued and healthful growth of our export trade. We must not repose in fancied security that we can forever sell everything and buy little or nothing. If such a thing were possible, it would not be best for us or for those with whom we deal. We should take from our customers such of their products as we can use without harm to our industries and labor. Reciprocity is the natural outgrowth of our wonderful industrial development under the domestic policy now firmly established. What we produce beyond our domestic consumption must have a vent abroad. The excess must be relieved through a foreign outlet and we should sell everywhere we can, and buy wherever the buying will enlarge our sales and productions, and thereby make a greater demand for home labor. The period of exclusiveness is past. The expansion of our trade and commerce is the pressing problem. Commercial wars are unprofitable. A policy of good will and friendly trade relations will prevent reprisals. Reciprocity treaties are in harmony with the spirit of the times, measures of retaliation are not. If perchance some of our tariffs are no longer needed, for revenue or to encourage and protect our industries at home, why should they not be employed to extend and promote our markets abroad? Then, too, we have inadequate steamship service. New lines of steamers have already been put in commission between the Pacific coast ports of the United States and those on the western coasts of Mexico and Central and South America. These should be followed up with direct steamship lines between the eastern coast of the United States and South American ports. One of the needs of the times is to direct commercial lines from our vast fields of production to the fields of consumption that we have but barely touched. Next in advantage to having the thing. to sell is to have the convenience to carry it to the buyer. We must encourage our merchant marine. We must have more ships. They must be under the American flag, built and manned and owned by Americans. These will not only be profitable in a commercial sense; they will be messengers of peace and amity wherever they go. We must build the Isthmian canal, which will unite the two oceans and give a straight line of water communication with the western coasts of Central and South America and Mexico. The construction of a Pacific cable cannot be longer postponed. In the furthering of these objects of national interest and concern you are performing an important part. This exposition would have touched the heart of that American statesman whose mind was ever alert and thought ever constant for a larger commerce and a truer fraternity of the republics of the new world. His broad American spirit is felt and manifested here. He needs no identification to an assemblage of Americans anywhere, for the name of Blaine is inseparably associated with the pan-American movement, which finds this practical and substantial expression, and which we all hope will be firmly advanced by the pan-American congress that assembles this autumn in the capital of Mexico. The good work will go on. It cannot be stopped. These buildings will disappear; this creation of art and beauty and industry will perish from sight, but their influence will remain to. Make it live beyond its too short living, With praises and thanksgiving. Who can tell the new thoughts that have been awakened, the ambitions fired and the high achievements that will be wrought through this exposition? Gentlemen, let us ever remember that our interest is in concord, not conflict, and that our real eminence rests in the victories of peace, not those of war. We hope that all who are represented here may be moved to higher and nobler effort for their own and the world's good, and that out of this city may come, not only greater commerce and trade, but more essential than these, relations of mutual respect, confidence and friendship which will deepen and endure. Our earnest prayer is that God will graciously vouchsafe prosperity, happiness and peace to all our neighbors, and like blessings to all the peoples and powers of earth.

Treaty of Alliance with France February 6, 1778 Treaty of Alliance The most Christian King and the United States of North America, to wit, New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhodes island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, having this Day concluded a Treaty of amity and Commerce, for the reciprocal advantage of their Subjects and Citizens have thought it necessary to take into consideration the means of strengthening those engagements and of rondring them useful to the safety and tranquility of the two parties, particularly in case Great Britain in Resentment of that connection and of the good correspondence which is the object of the said Treaty, should break the Peace with france, either by direct hostilities, or by hindring her commerce and navigation, in a manner contrary to the Rights of Nations, and the Peace subsisting between the two Crowns; and his Majesty and the said united States having resolved in that Case to join their Councils and efforts against the Enterprises of their common Enemy, the respective Plenipotentiaries, impower'd to concert the Clauses & conditions proper to fulfil the said Intentions, have, after the most mature Deliberation, concluded and determined on the following Articles. ART. 1. If War should break out betwan france and Great Britain, during the continuance of the present War betwan the United States and England, his Majesty and the said united States, shall make it a common cause, and aid each other mutually with their good Offices, their Counsels, and their forces, according to the exigence of Conjunctures as becomes good & faithful Allies. ART. 2. The essential and direct End of the present defensive alliance is to maintain effectually the liberty, Sovereignty, and independance absolute and unlimited of the said united States, as well in Matters of Gouvernement as of commerce. ART. 3. The two contracting Parties shall each on its own Part, and in the manner it may judge most proper, make all the efforts in its Power, against their common Ennemy, in order to attain the end proposed. ART. 4. The contracting Parties agree that in case either of them should form any particular Enterprise in which the concurrence of the other may be desired, the Party whose concurrence is desired shall readily, and with good faith, join to act in concert for that Purpose, as far as circumstances and its own particular Situation will permit; and in that case, they shall regulate by a particular Convention the quantity and kind of Succour to be furnished, and the Time and manner of its being brought into action, as well as the advantages which are to be its Compensation. ART. 5. If the united States should think fit to attempt the Reduction of the British Power remaining in the Northern Parts of America, or the Islands of Bermudas, those Countries or Islands in case of Success, shall be confederated with or dependent upon the said united States. ART. 6. The Most Christian King renounces for ever the possession of the Islands of Bermudas as well as of any part of the continent of North america which before the treaty of Paris in 1763. or in virtue of that Treaty, were acknowledged to belong to the Crown of Great Britain, or to the united States heretofore called British Colonies, or which are at this Time or have lately been under the Power of The King and Crown of Great Britain. ART. 7. If his Most Christian Majesty shall think proper to attack any of the Islands situated in the Gulph of Mexico, or near that Gulph, which are at present under the Power of Great Britain, all the said Isles, in case of success, shall appertain to the Crown of france. ART. 8. Neither of the two Parties shall conclude either Truce or Peace with Great Britain, without the formal consent of the other first obtain'd; and they mutually engage not to lay down their arms, until the Independence of the united states shall have been formally or tacitly assured by the Treaty or Treaties that shall terminate the War. This document appears in the Compendium: Chapter 5 Treaty of Alliance with France - February 6, 1778 Signers: American Representatives Benjamin Franklin — Joseph Duplessis 1785 Silas Deane — William Johnston Arthur Lee French Representatives Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes Conrad Alexandre Gerard de Rayneval Transcript and Image Source: https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-alliance-with-france ART. 9. The contracting Parties declare, that being resolved to fulfil each on its own Part the clauses and conditions of the present Treaty of alliance, according to its own power and circumstances, there shall be no after claim of compensation on one side or the other whatever may be the event of the War. ART. 10. The Most Christian King and the United states, agree to invite or admit other Powers who may have received injuries from England to make common cause with them, and to accede to the present alliance, under such conditions as shall be freely agreed to and settled between all the Parties. ART. 11. The two Parties guarantee mutually from the present time and forever, against all other powers, to wit, the united states to his most Christian Majesty the present Possessions of the Crown of france in America as well as those which it may acquire by the future Treaty of peace: and his most Christian Majesty guarantees on his part to the united states, their liberty, Sovereignty, and Independence absolute, and unlimited, as well in Matters of Government as commerce and also their Possessions, and the additions or conquests that their Confederation may obtain during the war, from any of the Dominions now or heretofore possessed by Great Britain in North America, conformable to the 5th & 6th articles above written, the whole as their Possessions shall be fixed and assured to the said States at the moment of the cessation of their present War with England. ART. 12. In order to fix more precisely the sense and application of the preceding article, the Contracting Parties declare, that in case of rupture between france and England, the reciprocal Guarantee declared in the said article shall have its full force and effect the moment such War shall break out and if such rupture shall not take place, the mutual obligations of the said guarantee shall not commence, until the moment of the cessation of the present War between the united states and England shall have ascertained the Possessions. ART. 13. The present Treaty shall be ratified on both sides and the Ratifications shall be exchanged in the space of six months, sooner if possible. In faith where of the respective Plenipotentiaries, to wit on the part of the most Christian King Conrad Alexander Gerard royal syndic of the City of Strasbourgh & Secretary of his majestys Council of State and on the part of the United States Benjamin Franklin Deputy to the General Congress from the State of Pensylvania and President of the Convention of the same state, Silas Deane heretofore Deputy from the State of Connecticut & Arthur Lee Councellor at Law have signed the above Articles both in the French and English Languages declaring Nevertheless that the present Treaty was originally composed and concluded in the French Language, and they have hereunto affixed their Seals Done at Paris, this sixth Day of February, one thousand seven hundred and seventy eight. C. A. GERARD B FRANKLIN SILAS DEANE ARTHUR LEE