About Tarpeia includes our legal forms such as our 990ns and IRS determination letter and our values as a charity. Acerca de About the Nonprofit TARPEIA Amending America ltd. Nonprofit 501(c)(3) DBA: "Amending America" and "Tarpeia" Public Charity Status: 170(b)(1)(A)(vi) EIN: 88-2590159 Incorporated in the State of Georgia Domestic Nonprofit Corporation NAICS Code: Educational Services NAICS Sub Code: Educational Support Services Effective May 12, 2022 990/990EZ/990N Required 2022 990N 2023 990N IRS Determination Letter Byla ws Approved to Solicit Funds in the State of Georg ia GEORGIA CODE Copyright 2016 by The State of Georgia All rig hts reserved. *** Current Through the 2016 Regular Session *** TITLE 43. PROFESSION S AND BUSINESSES CHAPTER 17. CHARITABLE SOLICITATIONS O.C.G.A. § 43-17-9 (2016) § 43-17-9. Exemptions (a) The following persons are exempt from the provisions of Code Sections 43-17-5, 43-17-6, and 43-17-8: (1) Educational institutions and those organizations, foundations, associations, corporations, charities, and agencies operated, supervised, or controlled by or in connection with a nonprofit educational institution, provided that any such institution or organization is qualified under Section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as ame nded; Link to full exemption list The Problem We Face You see an erosion of social cohesion, inefficient government policy, and a perishing national identity today and don't understand where it all started, how it has gotten worse, or how to fix them. Only 27% of Americans have a “basic” understanding of American history, and that “basic” understanding is not enough to pass a college exam. America’s ignorance of our own history is not only disappointing but also detrimental to our welfare as it prevents us from understanding the political institutions and social environment we live in today, this misunderstanding not only leads to a disjoined union, divided on partisan lines and peculiar interests, but it prevents us from properly critiquing our society in a constructive manner, after all how can you fix something you don't understand? We lack a diverse yet unified understanding of our history preventing us from moving forward together. This illiteracy is what Tarpeia aims to alleviate. Our Value Proposition We are an educational nonprofit specializing in American history. Our online services include a repository of thousands of historical documents, a curriculum for students studying history that is also turnkey for teachers to use in their classrooms, and a publication for academic papers. Our online services are accessible, comprehensive, and user-friendly unlike many schools, libraries, and educational organizations who do not effectively use online technology nor provide more than the bare minimum basics of the topics they cover. Our work bridges the chasm between the frontier of scholarship and what is taught in the classroom. This "chasm" is a serious disconnect between academia and the people that is currently not being addressed by academia who are stuck awarding each other and working on trivial projects instead of educating the people. Your Call to Action With your support we will provide educational material to students, resources to teachers, and transparency to parents. Without you, we and others are missing out, so contribute to the cause and let's Amend America. Duodecim Probitates Prioritize Primary Sources: Ad Fontes; return to the sources of the past as opposed to reading biased & incomplete historiographies and to let history speak for herself. Coordinate with Educators: Work with administrators, teachers, scholars, & other educators to expand the reach & support mechanisms needed to improve history & civic learning. Hone Media Literacy: Practice analyzing, evaluating, & inferencing primary sources of various media from different eras. Refute Historical Misconceptions: Provide evidence disproving misconceptions, intentional or not, to garner an environment of honesty & accuracy. Create Accessible Materials: Be user friendly, navigable, & undistracting to students & teachers as to not hamper with or frustrate learning. Integrate Interactive Pedagogy: Create materials of different media that combine to stimulate & engage learners with new & accessible technology. Refine Assessment & Feedback: Design accurate assessments to provide meaningful constructive feedback as to not discourage students but to revivify a desire to continue learning beyond the classroom. Include Diverse Histories: One sided view of historical events is biased & incomplete; show all sides with primary sources to better comprehend and in some instances to empathize with historical figures. Encourage Civic Participation: Educate others on what they can do to participate in our Republic and their communities. Connect with the Past: Show learners how the environment of today is a consequence & continuance of past people, actions, & ideas. Rhetoric: Get people out of their shells with exercises in oration and rhetorical literacy to attract mature discourse. Invest in Education: Fundraise to invest in students, teachers, & scholars to ameliorate the financial hardships faced. Laudable Goals Historical Compendium We aim to become the best online repository of American historical documents. Journal of Record We aim to run the best Journal of Record for American history research. Curate Curriculum We aim to curate the best online curriculum covering American history, civics, and classical education. Prestigious Award We aim to provide the most prestigious award for scholars who enrich the field of American history. Intermediate Goals Educational Vendor We aim to become an educational vendor so students who complete our curriculum get the credits they deserve. Credits for Con Law, American History, Civics, and APUSH. Scholarship & Relief We aim to create a scholarship program to provide funds for a student's tuition specifically for those majoring in history, civics, or law; along with a teacher relief program for those who need funds for their classroom. Donor Advised Fund We aim to establish and operate a DAF to help move money from those who want to give to those charities which need it. Endowment We aim to establish and maintain an endowment to fund the scholarship program and eventually all expenses of the nonprofit. Half of annual return will remain in the portfolio to compound over time while the other half will cover the expenses of the charity. Publication We aim to increase our publishing rate of essays, op-eds, research projects, dissertations, and primary source documents on their respective pages. Audience We aim to get 1 million subscribers for our Youtube channel and 10,000 site members. Thoughts on Education CIVITAS , PRODUCTIVUS, ERUDITIO Education is intended for individuals to hone three characteristics. Citizenship: Where people are able to understand political institutions in depth along with the broader social contract to act civilly enough to network and build relationships. Productivity: Where people are able to earn and then contribute resources for their own life, the lives of their family & friends, and society at large by developing skills valued in the market. Enlightenment: Where people are able to understand the world we live in and pursue expanding that knowledge so that our posterity may understand even more. Some Issues with Current History Education People don't know what research is Reading other people's research is not you doing your own research. Research is only done when you study primary sources, locations, or artifacts. Reading other people's research is simply you reading the literature of research so that you may have a better understanding of the topic and find holes or areas of exploration to help guide your own research. Themes need to be taught together Themes like the Cold War or Civil Rights overlap and you cannot tell one without including the other. Separating these themes are detrimental to one's study of them because you cannot get a full coherent picture of either. The Cold War, especially Vietnam, had a tremendous impact on the direction of the Civil Rights movement. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law just one month before the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. For decades after there would be a surge of domestic violence and cultural changes. Trivia is not history education People think knowing names and dates is all that history is, it is not. Knowing when George Washington's birthday is is not relevant information since it doesn't teach us anything about our lives. The purpose of history is to better understand ourselves so that we may steer towards a better future. Overgeneralizations are an issue Educators tend to overgeneralize events, people, environments, movements, or ideas. Take Reconstruction which is taught simply as the military occupation of the South post Civil War. Being taught that doesn't teach you anything substantive about it. What were the Reconstruction plans by Lincoln, Johnson, or the Radical Republicans, how did they differ, which parts of their plans were actually implemented, and how effective was its enforcement? What were the pardons about? What were the Reconstruction Amendments? What were the Reconstruction Acts themselves? What were the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1875? What were the Enforcement Acts? Why did military occupation end starting with Grant and concluding with Hayes? How did immigration, economics, infrastructure, and corruption impact Reconstruction? What were the arguments given by the former Confederates for ending Reconstruction? What were the concerns that the former slaves have about the end of Reconstruction? Did they view it as being successful or as a failure to secure their civil rights? There are so many aspects to Reconstruction that is simply not taught and is over generalized. It is not taught chronologically Similarly to overlapping themes and overgeneralization not teaching history chronologically distorts our understanding of history. Too many history books, textbooks, documentaries, and lectures are done nonchronologically to better fit a narrative style, however, this confuses the sequence of events and how one event can impact or even cause the next event on the sequence. When talking about the end of the military occupation of the South during Reconstruction teachers start with the election of Hayes and how he was president when the last federal troops left the South. Then they might mention the fact that the end of the military occupation actually started with Grant but won't go into any detail as to why Grant, the great enforcer during his first term, would stop enforcing the Reconstruction Acts during his second term. The end of the military occupation must start with Grant, not Hayes. Too much is left out Similar to overgeneralization, many periods or aspects of history are simply left out. When American history is taught it usually goes like this: teach about Jamestown and the Mayflower, skip to the French and Indian War, mention stamp tax, the Boston Massacre, tea tax, tea party, Revere's midnight ride, Lexington and Concord, Declaration of Independence, Washington crossing the Delaware, maybe mention Valley Forge, British surrender at Yorktown, Constitutional convention, maybe the ratification debates (Federalist Papers), Washington as the first president but don't actually go into detail about his administration, skip to the Louisiana purchase during Jefferson's administration, mention Lewis and Clarke expedition, War of 1812, Jackson's Trail of Tears, maybe mention the Mexican-American War, Dred Scott case, Lincoln's election, Civil War, Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln's death, gloss over Reconstruction, mention the Robber Barons of the Gilded Age, the progressive presidents like Teddy, WWI, skip over anything that actually happened during the Roaring Twenties or the Great Depression, WWII, Berlin Airlift, maybe mention the Korean War, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, I have a Dream speech, JFK's death, Civil Rights Act, Vietnam, Watergate, Iranian Hostage Crisis, Reaganomics, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Gulf War, Collapse of the USSR, 9/11, War on Terror, Obama's election, Affordable Care Act, Trump's election, Covid, Biden's election and Jan 6., and then today. This paragraph includes pretty much the entire outline of the average curriculum on American history. There is so much left out. Tarpeia is providing a full history of America to alleviate the illiteracy we see in our students, adults, teachers, and even scholars. Too opinionated Educators are putting their own opinions too much into the lessons they are teaching. Education to them is an opportunity for propagandizing their worldview. Don't give me that crap about how, "everything is political." When there is a religious scientist he can only do science correctly if he leaves out his religion while doing experiments and data analysis. When teaching history and civics we must leave out our partisanship in order to claim we are doing history justice, if you are incapable of doing that, then get a different job. Falsehoods taken for truth An appeal to authority exists where people just take other people's word as the truth without backing up claims. This is wrong and part of why science is more trustworthy of a field than social studies. When someone makes a science claim, there are hundreds of other scientists who conduct experiments to test the validity of the claim. When a famous historian makes a claim, other historians just cite them in their papers. An example that I have come across recently is the myth of the Corrupt Bargain of 1877. It is taught by teachers, scholars, and even on government sites, that Hayes made an agreement to end the military occupation of the South in exchange for winning the presidency. The sources of today site one historian, Eric Foner, and his large work on Reconstruction which he wrote in the 80s. Eric Foner only cites one source for his claim of the corrupt bargain happening and that is another historian who wrote in the 50s. That historian, Woodward, does not cite any direct primary sources, only secondary sources that cannot be verified, or in other words, hearsay. When I looked at the actual event of Hayes' contentious victory searching for a primary sources I only found evidence that contradicts the corrupt bargain narrative. AI The most recent issue with education is the proliferation of AI. AI sucks. It gets facts wrong and people take it for truth. It may be useful in helping people when writing such as providing instant revision and feedback, but it most not substitute learning.

Modern Era < Back Chapter XXIIII: End of History 1989-2001 Previous Chapter Next Chapter Filter by Era Select Era Filter by Type Select Type Reset Year Month Day Document 1492 4 30 Privileges Granted to Columbus by the Spanish Monarchy 1492 8 3 Columbus' Letter of His First Voyage 1497 5 10 Amerigo Vespucci First Voyage 1497 7 22 Decree from Spain to Cultivate American Colonies 1498 3 5 John Cabot Patent from King Henry VII 1513 12 10 The Prince - Machiavelli 1515 8 16 Letter from Nunez de Balboa about seeing the Pacific Ocean 1520 10 30 Cortes's Second Letter to Charles V 1524 7 8 Giovanni da Verrazano Letter of his First Voyage 1578 6 11 Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte 1584 3 25 Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh 1603 12 18 Charter of Acadia 1606 4 10 First Charter of Virginia 1609 5 23 Second Charter of Virginia 1611 3 12 Third Charter of Virginia 1614 10 11 Charter of New Netherland 1619 7 30 House of Burgesses First Meeting and Resolves 1619 8 20 First African Slaves Sold in Virginia 1620 11 3 Charter of New England 1620 11 11 Mayflower Compact 1621 7 24 Ordinances for Virginia 1622 8 10 Grant of Maine 1622 1626 11 5 Dutch Purchase of Manhatten 1628 3 18 Charter of Massachusetts Bay Colony 1628 1629 6 7 Charters of Freedoms and Exemptions 1630 4 Christain Charitie - ca John Winthrop 1632 6 20 Charter of Maryland 1634 4 28 Royal Commission for Regulating Plantations 1637 5 6 Declaration in Defense of an Order of Court 1639 1 14 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1639 6 4 Fundamental Agreement of New Haven 1641 3 16 Government of Rhode Island 1641 1641 12 10 Massachusetts Body of Liberties 1643 5 19 The Articles of Confederation of the United Colonies of New England 1643 11 6 Government of New Haven 1645 7 3 John Winthrop’s "Little Speech on Liberty" (1645) 1649 9 21 Maryland Toleration Act 1651 2 18 Barbados Declaration of Independence 1651 4 Leviathan - Thomas Hobbes 1657 12 27 Flushing Remonstrance 1662 4 23 Charter of Connecticut 1663 3 24 Charter of Carolina 1663 7 15 Rhode Island Royal Charter 1664 2 10 Concession and Agreement of New Jersey 1664 9 29 Dutch Surrender of New Netherlands to England 1665 6 30 Charter of Carolina 1669 3 1 Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina 1676 5 29 Berkeley's Response to Bacon 1676 7 30 Bacon's Rebellion Declaration 1681 7 11 Concessions to the Province of Pennsylvania 1682 5 5 Frame of Government of Pennsylvania 1683 1 1 Constitution of East New Jersey 1683 2 2 Pennsylvania Frame of Government 1683 1683 6 12 Randolph Condemns Massachusetts Bay Company 1686 4 7 Commission of Sir Andros for the Dominion of New England 1689 12 Second Treatise of Government - John Locke 1689 12 English Bill of Rights 1691 10 7 Charter of Massachusetts Bay Colony 1691 1696 11 1 Pennsylvania Frame of Government 1696 1697 2 8 Penn's Plan for Colonial Union 1701 10 28 Pennsylvania Charter of Privlieges 1701 10 28 Charter of Delaware 1713 3 14 Treaties of Utrecht 1725 8 26 Explanatory Charter of Massachusetts Bay 1732 6 9 Charter of Georgia 1732 1739 A Treatise of Human Nature - David Hume 1748 The Spirit of Laws- Montesquieu 1750 12 31 A Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to the Higher Powers by Jonathan Mayhew 1751 6 10 Currency Act 1751 1754 7 10 Albany Plan 1755 11 11 Pennsylvania Assembly Reply to the Governor about Native Raids 1758 Law of Nations - Emerich de Vattel 1758 10 12 Two Penny Act 1763 2 10 Treaty of Paris 1763 1763 10 7 Royal Proclamation of Colonial Boundaries 1764 On Crimes and Punishments - Cesare Beccaria 1764 An Essay in Vindication of the Continental Colonies of America by Arthur Lee 1764 1 30 A Narrative of the Late Massacres by Ben Franklin 1764 4 5 The Sugar Act 1764 4 19 Currency Act 1764 1764 5 24 Instructions to Boston's Representatives 1764 7 1 Principles of Law and Polity by Francis Bernard 1764 7 23 A Brief State of the Claim of the Colonies by Thomas Hutchinson 1764 7 30 THE RIGHTS OF THE British Colonies Asserted and proved. 1764 9 3 Sentiments of a British American by Oxenbridge Thacher 1764 10 18 New York Petition for the Repeal of the Sugar Act 1764 10 24 The Colonel Dismounted by Richard Bland 1764 11 Connecticut Petition by Thomas Fitch 1764 11 3 Petition from the Massachusetts House of Representatives to the House of Commons 1764 11 29 Rhode Island's Petition on the Sugar & Currency Acts 1764 11 30 Rights of Colonies Examined by Stephen Hopkins 1764 12 18 Petition of the Virginia House of Burgesses to the House of Commons 1765 Commentaries on the Laws of England - William Blackstone 1765 3 22 The Stamp Act 1765 5 15 Quartering Act of 1765 1765 5 29 Virginia Resolutions Responding to the Stamp Act 1765 6 8 Massachusetts Circular Letter of 1765 1765 7 4 The Late Regulations by John Dickinson 1765 9 Objections to Taxation Considered by Soame Jenyns 1765 9 21 Pennsylvania Resolves on the Stamp Act 1765 9 24 Braintree Instructions 1765 10 7 Public Letter to the People of Massachusetts by B.W. 1765 10 19 Stamp Act Congress Resolves 1765 10 25 Massachusett's Reply to Governor Bernard 1765 10 29 Massachusetts Resolves Against the Stamp Act 1765 10 31 New York Merchant's Non-importation Agreement 1765 11 29 South Carolina Resolves Against the Stamp Act 1765 12 10 Connecticut Resolution on the Stamp Act 1766 An Inquiry Into the Rights of the British Colonies by Richard Bland 1766 1 1 Considerations of Imposing Taxes by Dulany 1766 1 14 William Pitt's Speech Against the Stamp Act 1766 3 18 The Repeal of the Stamp Act 1766 3 18 The Declaratory Act 1766 5 23 The Snare Broken by Mayhew 1766 6 6 Repeal of the Sugar Act 1766 6 6 Free Port Act 1767 6 15 New York Restraining Act (1st Townshend Act) 1767 6 29 Commissioners of Customs Act (3rd Townshend Act) 1767 6 29 Revenue Act of 1767 (2nd Townshend Act) 1767 6 29 Indemnity Act of 1767 (4th Townshend Act) 1767 12 2 Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer 1768 2 11 Massachusetts Circular Letters 1768 7 6 Vice-Admiralty Court Act (5th Townshend Act) 1768 8 1 Boston Non-Importation Agreement 1768 9 22 Boston Town Meeting Resolutions 1769 5 16 Virginia Resolves 1769 5 17 Virginia Nonimportation Agreement 1769 7 22 Charleston Non-Importation Agreement 1770 4 12 Repeal of Most of the Townshend Acts 1772 5 CALM AND RESPECTFUL THOUGHTS on the NEGATIVE of the CROWN by Zubly 1772 12 3 Beauties of Liberty by John Allen 1773 An Address on Slavery in America by Benjamin Rush 1773 3 12 Virginia Establishment of Colonial Correspondence 1773 4 10 Candidus 1773 5 10 The Tea Act 1773 9 11 Rules by which a Great Empire may be reduced to a small one 1773 10 16 Philadelphia Resolutions on the Tea Act 1773 12 17 New York Association of the Sons of Liberty 1774 3 31 Boston Port Act 1774 5 14 Observations &c. by Josiah Quincy II 1774 5 20 Adiministration of Justice Act 1774 5 20 Massachusetts Government Act 1774 5 24 Virginia Resolution to Fast and Pray for Boston 1774 6 2 Quartering Act 1774 6 22 Quebec Act 1774 7 18 Fairfax Resolves 1774 8 1 Thomas Jefferson A Summary View of the Rights of British America 1774 9 5 To the People of Great Britain 1774 9 17 Suffolk Resolves 1774 9 28 Galloway's Plan for Union 1774 10 14 First Continental Congress Resolutions 1774 10 20 Continental Association 1774 10 26 Petition to Repeal the Intolerable Acts 1774 12 12 Massachusettensis by Daniel Leonard 1774 12 15 A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress by Alexander Hamilton 1775 1 23 Novanglus 1775 2 15 The Farmer Refuted by Alexander Hamilton 1775 2 27 Conciliatory Resolution 1775 3 8 African Slavery in America by Thomas Paine 1775 3 22 Edmund Burke's Speech on Conciliation 1775 3 23 Give me Liberty or give me Death 1775 3 30 The New England Restraining Act 1775 5 29 Letter to Canada 1775 5 31 The Charlotte Town Resolves 1775 6 15 Remarks on the Quebec Bill by Alexander Hamilton 1775 6 19 Washington's Commission 1775 7 6 Causes and Necessity of their taking up Arms 1775 7 8 Olive Branch Petition 1775 7 31 Report on the Conciliatory Resolution 1775 8 23 King George III Suppressing Rebellion Proclamation 1775 11 7 Lord Dunmore's Proclamation 1775 11 9 Resolution of Secrecy 1775 11 10 Establishment of the Marine Corps 1776 1 5 New Hampshire's Constitution 1776 1776 1 10 Thomas Paine's Common Sense 1776 3 23 Letter from Adams to Gates 1776 3 26 South Carolina's Constitution 1776 1776 4 1 John Adams, Thoughts on Government 1776 4 12 Halifax Resolves 1776 5 15 Preamble and Resolutions of the Virginia Convention 1776 6 11 Lee's Resolution 1776 6 12 Virginia Declaration of Rights 1776 6 29 Virginia Constitution 1776 1776 7 2 New Jersey Constitution 1776 7 4 Declaration of Independence 1776 8 21 Concord Town Resolutions on the Massachusetts Constitution 1776 9 10 Constitution of Delaware 1776 1776 9 11 Delaware's Declaration of Rights 1776 9 28 Constitution of Pennsylvania 1776 1776 11 11 Maryland Constitution 1776 1776 12 18 Constitution of North Carolina 1776 1776 12 23 The American Crisis Number I by Thomas Paine 1777 2 5 Georgia Constitution 1777 1777 4 20 New York Constitution 1777 1777 7 8 Constitution of Vermont 1777 1778 2 6 Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between The United States and France 1778 3 19 South Carolina Constitution 1778 1778 9 17 Treaty of Fort Pitt 1779 6 18 A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom 1780 3 1 Pennsylvania Act to Abolish Slavery Previous Chapter Next Chapter

Progressive Era < Back Chapter XV: Gilded Age 1885-1897 Previous Chapter Next Chapter Filter by Era Select Era Filter by Type Select Type Reset Year Month Day Document 1492 4 30 Privileges Granted to Columbus by the Spanish Monarchy 1492 8 3 Columbus' Letter of His First Voyage 1497 5 10 Amerigo Vespucci First Voyage 1497 7 22 Decree from Spain to Cultivate American Colonies 1498 3 5 John Cabot Patent from King Henry VII 1513 12 10 The Prince - Machiavelli 1515 8 16 Letter from Nunez de Balboa about seeing the Pacific Ocean 1520 10 30 Cortes's Second Letter to Charles V 1524 7 8 Giovanni da Verrazano Letter of his First Voyage 1578 6 11 Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte 1584 3 25 Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh 1603 12 18 Charter of Acadia 1606 4 10 First Charter of Virginia 1609 5 23 Second Charter of Virginia 1611 3 12 Third Charter of Virginia 1614 10 11 Charter of New Netherland 1619 7 30 House of Burgesses First Meeting and Resolves 1619 8 20 First African Slaves Sold in Virginia 1620 11 3 Charter of New England 1620 11 11 Mayflower Compact 1621 7 24 Ordinances for Virginia 1622 8 10 Grant of Maine 1622 1626 11 5 Dutch Purchase of Manhatten 1628 3 18 Charter of Massachusetts Bay Colony 1628 1629 6 7 Charters of Freedoms and Exemptions 1630 4 Christain Charitie - ca John Winthrop 1632 6 20 Charter of Maryland 1634 4 28 Royal Commission for Regulating Plantations 1637 5 6 Declaration in Defense of an Order of Court 1639 1 14 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1639 6 4 Fundamental Agreement of New Haven 1641 3 16 Government of Rhode Island 1641 1641 12 10 Massachusetts Body of Liberties 1643 5 19 The Articles of Confederation of the United Colonies of New England 1643 11 6 Government of New Haven 1645 7 3 John Winthrop’s "Little Speech on Liberty" (1645) 1649 9 21 Maryland Toleration Act 1651 2 18 Barbados Declaration of Independence 1651 4 Leviathan - Thomas Hobbes 1657 12 27 Flushing Remonstrance 1662 4 23 Charter of Connecticut 1663 3 24 Charter of Carolina 1663 7 15 Rhode Island Royal Charter 1664 2 10 Concession and Agreement of New Jersey 1664 9 29 Dutch Surrender of New Netherlands to England 1665 6 30 Charter of Carolina 1669 3 1 Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina 1676 5 29 Berkeley's Response to Bacon 1676 7 30 Bacon's Rebellion Declaration 1681 7 11 Concessions to the Province of Pennsylvania 1682 5 5 Frame of Government of Pennsylvania 1683 1 1 Constitution of East New Jersey 1683 2 2 Pennsylvania Frame of Government 1683 1683 6 12 Randolph Condemns Massachusetts Bay Company 1686 4 7 Commission of Sir Andros for the Dominion of New England 1689 12 Second Treatise of Government - John Locke 1689 12 English Bill of Rights 1691 10 7 Charter of Massachusetts Bay Colony 1691 1696 11 1 Pennsylvania Frame of Government 1696 1697 2 8 Penn's Plan for Colonial Union 1701 10 28 Pennsylvania Charter of Privlieges 1701 10 28 Charter of Delaware 1713 3 14 Treaties of Utrecht 1725 8 26 Explanatory Charter of Massachusetts Bay 1732 6 9 Charter of Georgia 1732 1739 A Treatise of Human Nature - David Hume 1748 The Spirit of Laws- Montesquieu 1750 12 31 A Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to the Higher Powers by Jonathan Mayhew 1751 6 10 Currency Act 1751 1754 7 10 Albany Plan 1755 11 11 Pennsylvania Assembly Reply to the Governor about Native Raids 1758 Law of Nations - Emerich de Vattel 1758 10 12 Two Penny Act 1763 2 10 Treaty of Paris 1763 1763 10 7 Royal Proclamation of Colonial Boundaries 1764 On Crimes and Punishments - Cesare Beccaria 1764 An Essay in Vindication of the Continental Colonies of America by Arthur Lee 1764 1 30 A Narrative of the Late Massacres by Ben Franklin 1764 4 5 The Sugar Act 1764 4 19 Currency Act 1764 1764 5 24 Instructions to Boston's Representatives 1764 7 1 Principles of Law and Polity by Francis Bernard 1764 7 23 A Brief State of the Claim of the Colonies by Thomas Hutchinson 1764 7 30 THE RIGHTS OF THE British Colonies Asserted and proved. 1764 9 3 Sentiments of a British American by Oxenbridge Thacher 1764 10 18 New York Petition for the Repeal of the Sugar Act 1764 10 24 The Colonel Dismounted by Richard Bland 1764 11 Connecticut Petition by Thomas Fitch 1764 11 3 Petition from the Massachusetts House of Representatives to the House of Commons 1764 11 29 Rhode Island's Petition on the Sugar & Currency Acts 1764 11 30 Rights of Colonies Examined by Stephen Hopkins 1764 12 18 Petition of the Virginia House of Burgesses to the House of Commons 1765 Commentaries on the Laws of England - William Blackstone 1765 3 22 The Stamp Act 1765 5 15 Quartering Act of 1765 1765 5 29 Virginia Resolutions Responding to the Stamp Act 1765 6 8 Massachusetts Circular Letter of 1765 1765 7 4 The Late Regulations by John Dickinson 1765 9 Objections to Taxation Considered by Soame Jenyns 1765 9 21 Pennsylvania Resolves on the Stamp Act 1765 9 24 Braintree Instructions 1765 10 7 Public Letter to the People of Massachusetts by B.W. 1765 10 19 Stamp Act Congress Resolves 1765 10 25 Massachusett's Reply to Governor Bernard 1765 10 29 Massachusetts Resolves Against the Stamp Act 1765 10 31 New York Merchant's Non-importation Agreement 1765 11 29 South Carolina Resolves Against the Stamp Act 1765 12 10 Connecticut Resolution on the Stamp Act 1766 An Inquiry Into the Rights of the British Colonies by Richard Bland 1766 1 1 Considerations of Imposing Taxes by Dulany 1766 1 14 William Pitt's Speech Against the Stamp Act 1766 3 18 The Repeal of the Stamp Act 1766 3 18 The Declaratory Act 1766 5 23 The Snare Broken by Mayhew 1766 6 6 Repeal of the Sugar Act 1766 6 6 Free Port Act 1767 6 15 New York Restraining Act (1st Townshend Act) 1767 6 29 Commissioners of Customs Act (3rd Townshend Act) 1767 6 29 Revenue Act of 1767 (2nd Townshend Act) 1767 6 29 Indemnity Act of 1767 (4th Townshend Act) 1767 12 2 Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer 1768 2 11 Massachusetts Circular Letters 1768 7 6 Vice-Admiralty Court Act (5th Townshend Act) 1768 8 1 Boston Non-Importation Agreement 1768 9 22 Boston Town Meeting Resolutions 1769 5 16 Virginia Resolves 1769 5 17 Virginia Nonimportation Agreement 1769 7 22 Charleston Non-Importation Agreement 1770 4 12 Repeal of Most of the Townshend Acts 1772 5 CALM AND RESPECTFUL THOUGHTS on the NEGATIVE of the CROWN by Zubly 1772 12 3 Beauties of Liberty by John Allen 1773 An Address on Slavery in America by Benjamin Rush 1773 3 12 Virginia Establishment of Colonial Correspondence 1773 4 10 Candidus 1773 5 10 The Tea Act 1773 9 11 Rules by which a Great Empire may be reduced to a small one 1773 10 16 Philadelphia Resolutions on the Tea Act 1773 12 17 New York Association of the Sons of Liberty 1774 3 31 Boston Port Act 1774 5 14 Observations &c. by Josiah Quincy II 1774 5 20 Adiministration of Justice Act 1774 5 20 Massachusetts Government Act 1774 5 24 Virginia Resolution to Fast and Pray for Boston 1774 6 2 Quartering Act 1774 6 22 Quebec Act 1774 7 18 Fairfax Resolves 1774 8 1 Thomas Jefferson A Summary View of the Rights of British America 1774 9 5 To the People of Great Britain 1774 9 17 Suffolk Resolves 1774 9 28 Galloway's Plan for Union 1774 10 14 First Continental Congress Resolutions 1774 10 20 Continental Association 1774 10 26 Petition to Repeal the Intolerable Acts 1774 12 12 Massachusettensis by Daniel Leonard 1774 12 15 A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress by Alexander Hamilton 1775 1 23 Novanglus 1775 2 15 The Farmer Refuted by Alexander Hamilton 1775 2 27 Conciliatory Resolution 1775 3 8 African Slavery in America by Thomas Paine 1775 3 22 Edmund Burke's Speech on Conciliation 1775 3 23 Give me Liberty or give me Death 1775 3 30 The New England Restraining Act 1775 5 29 Letter to Canada 1775 5 31 The Charlotte Town Resolves 1775 6 15 Remarks on the Quebec Bill by Alexander Hamilton 1775 6 19 Washington's Commission 1775 7 6 Causes and Necessity of their taking up Arms 1775 7 8 Olive Branch Petition 1775 7 31 Report on the Conciliatory Resolution 1775 8 23 King George III Suppressing Rebellion Proclamation 1775 11 7 Lord Dunmore's Proclamation 1775 11 9 Resolution of Secrecy 1775 11 10 Establishment of the Marine Corps 1776 1 5 New Hampshire's Constitution 1776 1776 1 10 Thomas Paine's Common Sense 1776 3 23 Letter from Adams to Gates 1776 3 26 South Carolina's Constitution 1776 1776 4 1 John Adams, Thoughts on Government 1776 4 12 Halifax Resolves 1776 5 15 Preamble and Resolutions of the Virginia Convention 1776 6 11 Lee's Resolution 1776 6 12 Virginia Declaration of Rights 1776 6 29 Virginia Constitution 1776 1776 7 2 New Jersey Constitution 1776 7 4 Declaration of Independence 1776 8 21 Concord Town Resolutions on the Massachusetts Constitution 1776 9 10 Constitution of Delaware 1776 1776 9 11 Delaware's Declaration of Rights 1776 9 28 Constitution of Pennsylvania 1776 1776 11 11 Maryland Constitution 1776 1776 12 18 Constitution of North Carolina 1776 1776 12 23 The American Crisis Number I by Thomas Paine 1777 2 5 Georgia Constitution 1777 1777 4 20 New York Constitution 1777 1777 7 8 Constitution of Vermont 1777 1778 2 6 Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between The United States and France 1778 3 19 South Carolina Constitution 1778 1778 9 17 Treaty of Fort Pitt 1779 6 18 A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom 1780 3 1 Pennsylvania Act to Abolish Slavery Previous Chapter Next Chapter

Transcript of President Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address (1865) Fellow Countrymen  At this second appearing to take the oath of the Presidential office there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the first. Then a statement somewhat in detail of a course to be pursued seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the nation, little that is new could be presented. The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well known to the public as to myself, and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is ventured. On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it, all sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war--seeking to dissolve the Union and divide effects by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came. One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it. Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with or even before the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces, but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of offenses; for it must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh." If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether." With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. [Endorsed by Lincoln:] Original manuscript of second Inaugeral presented to Major John Hay. A. Lincoln April 10, 1865 Source: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln2.asp

Secretary Rusk, Your Excellencies, honored Members of Congress, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen: This is a very reassuring and hopeful moment in the relations among nations. We have come here today to the East Room of the White House to sign a treaty which limits the spread of nuclear weapons. More than 55 nations are here in Washington this morning to commit their governments to this treaty. Their representatives are also signing today in Moscow and in London. We hope and expect that virtually all the nations will move in the weeks and months ahead to accept this treaty which was commended to the world by the overwhelming majority of the members of the United Nations General Assembly. The treaty's purposes are very simple: —to commit the nations of the world which do not now have nuclear weapons not to produce or receive them in the future; —to assure equally that such nations have the full peaceful benefits of the atom; and —to commit the nuclear powers to move forward toward effective measures of arms control and disarmament. It was just a year ago that Chairman Kosygin and I agreed at Glassboro that we would work intensively in the time ahead to try to achieve this result. After nearly a quarter century of danger and fear—reason and sanity have prevailed to reduce the danger and to greatly lessen the fear. Thus, all mankind is reassured. As the moment is reassuring, so it is, even more, hopeful and heartening. For this treaty is evidence that amid the tensions, the strife, the struggle, and the sorrow of these years, men of many nations have not lost the way—or have not lost the will—toward peace. The conclusion of this treaty encourages the hope that other steps may be taken toward a peaceful world. It is for these reasons—and in this perspective—that I have described this treaty as the most important international agreement since the beginning of the nuclear age. It enhances the security of all nations by significantly reducing the danger of nuclear war among nations. It encourages the peaceful use of nuclear energy by assuring safeguards against its destructive use. But, perhaps most significantly, the signing of this treaty keeps alive and keeps active the impulse toward a safer world. We are inclined to neglect and to overlook what that impulse has brought about in recent years. These have been fruitful times for the quiet works of diplomacy. After long seasons of patient and painstaking negotiation, we have concluded, just within the past 5 years: —the Limited Test Ban Treaty, —the Outer Space Treaty, and —the treaty creating a nuclear-free zone in Latin America. The march of mankind is toward the summit—not the chasm. We must not, we shall not, allow that march to be interrupted. This treaty, like the treaties it follows, is not the work, as Secretary Rusk said, of any one particular nation. It is the accomplishment of nations which seek to exercise their responsibilities for maintaining peace and maintaining a stable world order. It is my hope—and the common will of mankind—that all nations will agree that this treaty affords them some added protection. We hope they will accept the treaty and thereby contribute further to international peace and security. As one of the nations having nuclear weapons, the United States—all through these years—has borne an awesome responsibility. This treaty increases that rest for we have pledged that we shall use our weapons only in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. Furthermore, we have made clear to United Nations Security Council what would like to repeat today: If a state has accepted this treaty does not have weapons and is a victim of aggression, or is subject to a threat of aggression, involving nuclear weapons, the United States shall prepared to ask immediate Security Council action to provide assistance in accordance with the Charter. In welcoming the treaty that prevents the spread of nuclear weapons, I should like to repeat the United States commitment to honor all our obligations under existing treaties of mutual security. Such agreements have added greatly, we think, to the security of our Nation and the nations with which such agreements exist. They have created a degree of stability in a sometimes unstable world. This treaty is a very important security measure. But it also lays an indispensable foundation: —for expanded cooperation in the peaceful application of nuclear energy; —for additional measures to halt the nuclear arms race. We will cooperate fully to bring the treaty safeguards into being. We shall thus help provide the basis of confidence that is necessary for increased cooperation in the peaceful nuclear field. After the treaty has come into force we will permit the International Atomic Energy Agency to apply its safeguards to all nuclear activities in the United States—excluding only those with direct national security significance. Thus, the United States is not asking any country to accept any safeguards that we are not willing to accept ourselves. As the treaty requires, we shall also engage in the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials, and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The needs of the developing nations will be given especially particular attention. We shall make readily available to the nonnuclear treaty partners the benefits of nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes. And we shall do so without delay and under the treaty's provisions. Now at this moment of achievement and great hope, I am gratified to be able to report and announce to the world a significant agreement—an agreement that we have actively sought and worked for since January 1964: Agreement has been reached between the Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States to enter in the nearest future into discussions on the limitation and the reduction of both offensive strategic nuclear weapons delivery systems and systems of defense against ballistic missiles. Discussion of this most complex subject will not be easy. We have no illusions that it will be. I know the stubborn, patient persistence that it has required to come this far. We do not underestimate the difficulties that may lie ahead. I know the fears, the suspicions, and the anxieties that we shall have to overcome. But we do believe that the same spirit of accommodation that is reflected in the negotiation of the present treaty can bring us to a good and fruitful result. Man can still shape his destiny in the nuclear age—and learn to live as brothers. Toward that goal—the day when the world moves out of the night of war into the light of sanity and security—I solemnly pledge the resources, the resolve, and the unrelenting efforts of the people of the United States and their Government. Text of the Treaty The States concluding this Treaty, hereinafter referred to as the “Parties to the Treaty”,   Considering the devastation that would be visited upon all mankind by a nuclear war and the consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such a war and to take measures to safeguard the security of peoples,   Believing that the proliferation of nuclear weapons would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war,   In conformity with resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly calling for the conclusion of an agreement on the prevention of wider dissemination of nuclear weapons,   Undertaking to co-operate in facilitating the application of International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on peaceful nuclear activities,   Expressing their support for research, development and other efforts to further the application, within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards system, of the principle of safeguarding effectively the flow of source and special fissionable materials by use of instruments and other techniques at certain strategic points,   Affirming the principle that the benefits of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, including any technological by-products which may be derived by nuclear-weapon States from the development of nuclear explosive devices, should be available for peaceful purposes to all Parties to the Treaty, whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear-weapon States,   Convinced that, in furtherance of this principle, all Parties to the Treaty are entitled to participate in the fullest possible exchange of scientific information for, and to contribute alone or in co-operation with other States to, the further development of the applications of atomic energy for peaceful purposes,   Declaring their intention to achieve at the earliest possible date the cessation of the nuclear arms race and to undertake effective measures in the direction of nuclear disarmament,   Urging the co-operation of all States in the attainment of this objective,   Recalling the determination expressed by the Parties to the 1963 Treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water in its Preamble to seek to achieve the discontinuance of all test explosions of nuclear weapons for all time and to continue negotiations to this end,   Desiring to further the easing of international tension and the strengthening of trust between States in order to facilitate the cessation of the manufacture of nuclear weapons, the liquidation of all their existing stockpiles, and the elimination from national arsenals of nuclear weapons and the means of their delivery pursuant to a Treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control,   Recalling that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, States must refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations, and that the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security are to be promoted with the least diversion for armaments of the world’s human and economic resources,   Have agreed as follows:   Article I   Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear-weapon State to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, or control over such weapons or explosive devices.   Article II   Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to receive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and not to seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.   Article III   1.            Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes to accept safeguards, as set forth in an agreement to be negotiated and concluded with the International Atomic Energy Agency in accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Agency’s safeguards system, for the exclusive purpose of verification of the fulfilment of its obligations assumed under this Treaty with a view to preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Procedures for the safeguards required by this Article shall be followed with respect to source or special fissionable material whether it is being produced, processed or used in any principal nuclear facility or is outside any such facility. The safeguards required by this Article shall be applied on all source or special fissionable material in all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of such State, under its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere.   2.            Each State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to provide: (a) source or special fissionable material, or (b) equipment or material especially designed or prepared for the processing, use or production of special fissionable material, to any non-nuclear-weapon State for peaceful purposes, unless the source or special fissionable material shall be subject to the safeguards required by this Article.   3.            The safeguards required by this Article shall be implemented in a manner designed to comply with Article IV of this Treaty, and to avoid hampering the economic or technological development of the Parties or international co-operation in the field of peaceful nuclear activities, including the international exchange of nuclear material and equipment for the processing, use or production of nuclear material for peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions of this Article and the principle of safeguarding set forth in the Preamble of the Treaty.   4.            Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall conclude agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency to meet the requirements of this Article either individually or together with other States in accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Negotiation of such agreements shall commence within 180 days from the original entry into force of this Treaty. For States depositing their instruments of ratification or accession after the 180-day period, negotiation of such agreements shall commence not later than the date of such deposit. Such agreements shall enter into force not later than eighteen months after the date of initiation of negotiations.   Article IV   1.            Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable right of all the Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with Articles I and II of this Treaty.   2.            All the Parties to the Treaty undertake to facilitate, and have the right to participate in, the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Parties to the Treaty in a position to do so shall also co-operate in contributing alone or together with other States or international organizations to the further development of the applications of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, especially in the territories of non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty, with due consideration for the needs of the developing areas of the world.   Article V   Each Party to the Treaty undertakes to take appropriate measures to ensure that, in accordance with this Treaty, under appropriate international observation and through appropriate international procedures, potential benefits from any peaceful applications of nuclear explosions will be made available to non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty on a non-discriminatory basis and that the charge to such Parties for the explosive devices used will be as low as possible and exclude any charge for research and development. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall be able to obtain such benefits, pursuant to a special international agreement or agreements, through an appropriate international body with adequate representation of non-nuclear-weapon States. Negotiations on this subject shall commence as soon as possible after the Treaty enters into force. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty so desiring may also obtain such benefits pursuant to bilateral agreements.   Article VI   Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.   Article VII   Nothing in this Treaty affects the right of any group of States to conclude regional treaties in order to assure the total absence of nuclear weapons in their respective territories.   Article VIII   1.            Any Party to the Treaty may propose amendments to this Treaty. The text of any proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary Governments which shall circulate it to all Parties to the Treaty. Thereupon, if requested to do so by one-third or more of the Parties to the Treaty, the Depositary Governments shall convene a conference, to which they shall invite all the Parties to the Treaty, to consider such an amendment.   2.            Any amendment to this Treaty must be approved by a majority of the votes of all the Parties to the Treaty, including the votes of all nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the amendment is circulated, are members of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The amendment shall enter into force for each Party that deposits its instrument of ratification of the amendment upon the deposit of such instruments of ratification by a majority of all the Parties, including the instruments of ratification of all nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the amendment is circulated, are members of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Thereafter, it shall enter into force for any other Party upon the deposit of its instrument of ratification of the amendment.   3.            Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of Parties to the Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to review the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the Preamble and the provisions of the Treaty are being realised. At intervals of five years thereafter, a majority of the Parties to the Treaty may obtain, by submitting a proposal to this effect to the Depositary Governments, the convening of further conferences with the same objective of reviewing the operation of the Treaty.   Article IX   1.            This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which does not sign the Treaty before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article may accede to it at any time.   2.            This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by signatory States. Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America, which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments.   3.            This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States, the Governments of which are designated Depositaries of the Treaty, and forty other States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of their instruments of ratification. For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967.   4.            For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession.   5.            The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or of accession, the date of the entry into force of this Treaty, and the date of receipt of any requests for convening a conference or other notices.   6.            This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.   Article X   1.            Each Party shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the right to withdraw from the Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other Parties to the Treaty and to the United Nations Security Council three months in advance. Such notice shall include a statement of the extraordinary events it regards as having jeopardized its supreme interests.   2.            Twenty-five years after the entry into force of the Treaty, a conference shall be convened to decide whether the Treaty shall continue in force indefinitely, or shall be extended for an additional fixed period or periods. This decision shall be taken by a majority of the Parties to the Treaty.   Article XI   This Treaty, the English, Russian, French, Spanish and Chinese texts of which are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Depositary Governments. Duly certified copies of this Treaty shall be transmitted by the Depositary Governments to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States.   IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorized, have signed this Treaty.   DONE in triplicate, at the cities of London, Moscow and Washington, this first day of July, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight. Source of Johnson's Address: https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/july-1-1968-remarks-signing-nuclear-nonproliferation-treaty Source of Treaty Text: https://treaties.unoda.org/t/npt